Sharif Digital Repository

One of the important challenges in the auto industry is to reduce the mass of the vehicle while meeting structural performance requirements for Crashworthiness, Noise, Vibration and Harshness (NVH) etc. In this paper, a multidisciplinary optimization (MDO) of a car back-bonnet is investigated by using trie Response Surface Method (RSM). Firstly, a car body is fully surface modeled in CATIA and meshed in HYPERMESH software. Then, modal analysis of the finite element model is performed by NASTRAN software to find natural frequencies. Frequency map of that component is extracted and compared with a reference map to detect defects. Design of Experiments (DOE) methodologies is used for a... 

In the present paper, the heat treatment effect on A356.0, a cast aluminum alloy which has been widely used in diesel engine cylinder heads, is investigated under out-of-phase thermo-mechanical fatigue and low cycle fatigue (at different temperatures) loadings. A typical heat treatment is applied to the material including 8. h solution at 535 °C, water quench and 3. h ageing at 180 °C. The experimental fatigue results show that the heat treatment process has considerable influence on mechanical and low cycle fatigue behaviors, especially at room temperature, but its effect on thermo-mechanical fatigue lifetime is not significant. The improvement in the strength can be explained by the... 

An algorithm for investigation of nonlinear systems by the transfinite element method is presented. Basically, the transformation techniques have been developed for linear systems. Nonlinear transient heat transfer of a thick FGM cylinder with temperature-dependent material properties is investigated in the present paper to clarify the proposed algorithm. Two main novelties of the present research are: (1) incorporating the temperature-dependency of the material properties in the thermal analysis which lead to highly non-linear governing equations and (2) proposing an updating numerical transfinite element procedure to solve the resulted highly nonlinear governing equations. To reduce the... 

In this paper, nonlinear radial and hoop thermoelastic stress analysis of rotating disk made of functionally graded material (FGM) with variable thickness is carried out by using the finite element method. In this method, one-dimensional second order elements with three nodes have been used. The geometrical and boundary conditions are in the shape of nonexistence of the pressure (zero radial stress) in both external and internal layers and zero displacement at the internal layer of rotating disk. Furthermore, it's assumed that heat distribution is as second order curve while material properties such as elasticity modulus, Poisson's ratio and thermal expansion coefficient vary by using a... 

Nonlinear transient heat transfer and thermoelastic stress analyses of a thick-walled FGM cylinder with temperature-dependent materials are performed by using the Hermitian transfinite element method. Temperature-dependency of the material properties has not been taken into account in transient thermoelastic analysis, so far. Due to the mentioned dependency, the resulting governing FEM equations of transient heat transfer are highly nonlinear. Furthermore, in all finite element analysis performed so far in the field, Lagrangian elements have been used. To avoid an artificial local heat source at the mutual boundaries of the elements, Hermitian elements are used instead in the present... 

There are various situations of drop impact on solid surfaces widely occurred in natural phenomenon or used in different industrial applications. However, comparing and classifying these drop impact situations is not easy due to different states of the parameters affecting drop impact dynamics. In this article, a unified transformation framework is proposed to study various situations of vertical/oblique drop impact on horizontal/inclined stationary/moving flat surfaces with/without a crossflow. This simple framework consists of a coordinate with normal and tangential axes on a horizontal stationary surface. For each drop impact situation, the drop velocity, gravitational acceleration,... 

Static and dynamic properties of porous media are highly dependent on its internal geometry. CT scan images are generally used to characterize porous media geometry. Direct simulation of fluid flow on CT scan images is possible but considerably time-consuming. In this study, a new method was developed for extracting a simplified representation known as “pore network model” by utilizing a rigorous algebraic-analytical method. By using a moving frame in the 3D matrix of the CT scan image and stepwise identifying-removing of image components, running time for a 4003 voxels sample in a typical computer system decreased to less than 350 s. The identification of throats was based on a new... 

The improvement of a vehicle body structure under the constraint of noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) behavior is investigated by using design of experiments (DOE) method. First, car body geometry is modeled in CATIA and meshed in HYPERMESH software. Then, a modal analysis between 0-50 Hz is done by MSC NASTRAN. A frequency map of the body is extracted and compared with a reference map to identify shortcomings. By using factorial and response surface Methods (RSM), optimization of the NVH performance is accomplished. An algorithm is proposed to improve the car NVH behavior. At last, in order to verify the present algorithm, forced vibration is analyzed under real road inputs for the model... 

Vibration analysis of simply supported rotating cross-ply laminated stiffened cylindrical shell is performed using an energy approach which includes variational and averaging method. The stiffeners include rings and stringers. The equations are obtained by Rayleigh-Ritz method and Sander's relations. To validate the present method, the results are compared to the results available in other literatures. A good adoption is observed in different type of results including isotropic shells, rotating laminated shells, stiffened isotropic shells and stiffened laminated shells. Then, the optimization of parameters due to shell and stiffeners is conducted by genetic algorithm (GA) method under weight... 

Load-associated fatigue cracking is one of the major distress types occurring in flexible pavement systems. This paper identifies two important calibration factors for the dry-no freeze climatic region of Iran for use in the Mechanistic Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG). According to recent research, approximately 51~% of Iran's total land area is located in this region. Tehran, the capital of Iran, is located in this region and therefore three of its highways are selected for this research. The gathering of the data required for calibration is labor intensive because the data resides in various incongruent data sets. Spreadsheet templates specifically designed to manage the... 

This article presents the cyclic behavior of the A356.0 aluminum alloy under low-cycle fatigue (or isothermal) and thermo-mechanical fatigue loadings. Since the thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) test is time consuming and has high costs in comparison to low-cycle fatigue (LCF) tests, the purpose of this research is to use LCF test results to predict the TMF behavior of the material. A time-independent model, considering the combined nonlinear isotropic/kinematic hardening law, was used to predict the TMF behavior of the material. Material constants of this model were calibrated based on room-temperature and high-temperature low-cycle fatigue tests. The nonlinear isotropic/kinematic hardening... 

In this article, numerical simulations of cyclic behaviors in light alloys are conducted under isothermal and thermo-mechanical fatigue loadings. For this purpose, an aluminum alloy (A356) which is widely used in cylinder heads and a magnesium alloy (AZ91) which can be applicable in cylinder heads are considered to study their stress-strain hysteresis loops. Two plasticity approaches including the Chaboche's hardening model and the Nagode's spring-slider model are applied to simulate cyclic behaviors. To validate obtained results, strain-controlled fatigue tests are performed under low cycle and thermo-mechanical fatigue loadings. Numerical results demonstrate a good agreement with... 

Phase separation is one of the common methods for fabrication of polymeric membrane, which classifies into the categories of Thermally Induced Phase Separation (TIPS) and Nonsolvent Induced Phase Separation (NIPS), i.e. heat and mass transfer induced phase separation, respectively. NIPS has been applied more commonly than TIPS, but the membranes which have resulted from this technique have macro finger-like voids, weak mechanical strength and not high separation ability in comparison with the TIPS. In contrast, membranes produced by the TIPS method have micro scale pores, high mechanical strength and also high separation capability, however, polymeric solutions prepared at high temperatures... 

In this research, the effect of surface characteristics on boiling heat transfer has been investigated experimentally. For this purpose, a device with the ability to automatically record the liquid temperature of the inlet and outlet of the test area, calculate the coefficient of boiling heat transfer, and heat flux has been developed. The automatic temperature stability of the working fluid and the ability to investigate the effect of surfaces with different characteristics (in terms of material and surface structure) on the boiling heat transfer parameters are the most important features of this device. The performance of the experimental setup was evaluated by the modified "Chen" equation... 

This paper presents a finite element method (FEM) free and forced lateral vibration analysis of beams made of functionally graded materials (FGMs). The temperature dependency of material properties along with damping had not previously been taken into account in vibration analysis. In the present study, the material properties were assumed to be temperature-dependent, and were graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power law distribution of the volume fractions of the constituents. The natural frequencies were obtained for functionally graded (FG) beams with various boundary conditions. First, an FG beam was assumed to be isotropic (metal rich) and the results were compared... 

In this paper, effects of strain rate and mean strain on the cyclic behavior and the lifetime of aluminum-silicon alloys are investigated under thermo-mechanical and isothermal fatigue loadings. To achieve these goals, low cycle fatigue tests are accomplished at evaluated temperatures under various strain rates (by changing the loading frequency) and different strain ratios (minimum to maximum strain). Thermo-mechanical fatigue experiments are performed in an out-of-phase condition where the temperature varies between 50 and 250 °C. Various heating/cooling rates are taken into account to assess the strain rate effect and different starting temperatures are considered to study the mean strain... 

In this research, a finite element model was developed in order to simulate the two-step residual stress distribution of a thermal barrier coating system, considered to be used in diesel engine cylinder head, with a real roughness and real porosity. Two steps including the bond coat and the top coat deposition processes were taken into account. The real geometry of coating layers, including the roughness and the porosity, was also considered based on a scanning electron microscopy image. Then, effects of the convective heat transfer coefficient and initial substrate and substrate/bond coat preheating temperatures on the residual stress were studied. Obtained results illustrate that the... 

This paper presents the out-of-phase thermo-mechanical stress analysis of thermal barrier coating (TBC) system in real working conditions used as thermal barrier in diesel engine cylinder heads. The coating system in this research comprises 350. μm zirconium oxide top coat (TC) and 150. μm metallic bond coat (BC). These layers were deposited on the substrate, aluminum A356 alloy, by the aid of air plasma spray (APS) method. Afterwards, the specimen was subjected to thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) loadings. Based on the experimental conditions, FE simulations were performed by both time-independent and time-dependent substrate material properties in ABAQUS software. Simulation results related... 

In this study, the range of applicability for Cassie–Baxter and Wenzel equations for estimating apparent contact angle on rough surfaces is numerically discussed. To do this, circular drops with different sizes are simulated on rough surfaces with a square pillar pattern and randomly distributed cylindrical pillar. With the aid of numerical method, the local surface fraction, local length fraction and local roughness factor for drops with different sizes on the surface are computed. Then, the global surface fraction and global roughness factor have been compared with the local surface fraction and local roughness factor, respectively. Local surface and local length fractions, as well as... 

In this work, sessile drop and low-bond axisymmetric drop shape analysis methods were coupled to provide some new aspects on stick-slip behavior as well as stick time of a drop on calcite surfaces. Slightly hydrophobic calcite surfaces typified with three irregular roughnesses were used to create irregular surfaces to mimic defects for the water-calcite-air systems. Polishing papers of 200, 600, and 1200 grit and a polishing machine were used to prepare surfaces. X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared, and atomic force microscopy techniques were employed to evaluate the chemical and physical properties of surfaces. A model was developed to predict...