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The resonant frequencies and torsional sensitivities of an atomic force microscope (AFM) with assembled cantilever probe (ACP) are studied. This ACP comprises a horizontal cantilever, a vertical extension and two tips located at the free ends of the cantilever and the extension which makes the AFM capable of simultaneous topography at top-surface and sidewalls of microstructures especially microgears which consequently leads to a time-saving swift scanning process. In this work, the effects of the sample surface contact stiffness and the geometrical parameters such as the ratio of the vertical extension length to the horizontal cantilever length and the distance of the vertical extension... 

The resonant frequencies and flexural sensitivities of an atomic force microscope (AFM) assembled cantilever probe which comprises a horizontal cantilever, a vertical extension and two tips located at the free ends of the cantilever and the extension are studied. This probe makes the AFM capable of simultaneous topography at top-surface and sidewalls of microstructures especially microgears which leads to a time-saving swift scanning process. In this work, the effects of the sample surface contact stiffness and the geometrical parameters such as the ratio of the vertical extension length to the horizontal cantilever length and the distance of the vertical extension from clamped end of the... 

The resonant frequencies and flexural sensitivities of an atomic force microscope (AFM) with assembled cantilever probe (ACP) are studied. This ACP comprises a horizontal cantilever, a vertical extension and two tips located at the free ends of the cantilever and the extension, which makes the AFM capable of simultaneous topography at top surface and sidewalls of microstructures especially microgears, which consequently leads to a time-saving swift scanning process. In this work, the effects of the sample surface contact stiffness and the geometrical parameters such as the ratio of the vertical extension length to the horizontal cantilever length and the distance of the vertical extension... 

TiO2-based photocatalysts are seen as the most common agents for the photodegradation of bacteria. In this study, AgCl/TiO2, hydroxyapatite(Hp)/AgCl/TiO2, AgI/TiO2, and Hp/AgI/TiO2 were prepared by the deposition-precipitation method on P25 TiO2 nanoparticles and were characterized by XRD, SEM, FT-IR, EDX and BET methods. The prepared composites showed high efficiency for the inactivation of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria under visible light and in dark media with different catalyst amounts of 12 and 24 mg, respectively. In less than 30 min, AgI/TiO2, prepared by the combination of cationic surfactant and PVPI2, disinfected 1 × 107 colony-forming units of E. coli completely. However,... 

An invisible image watermarking scheme tends to insert the mark in a transparent manner, with the highest possible energy. Several watermarking algorithms use human visual models as perceptual masks to maximize the power of watermark. We take advantage of inhibitory and excitatory characteristics of eye receptors which yield an extra capacity, for amplifying watermark power, while still satisfying imperceptibility constraint. Spatial-domain image entropy is used as a measure of strength of inhibitory effect. The principle of our idea is based on the decomposition of mark sequence into two parts, corresponding to two complementary sets of pixels in spatial-domain. These sets are determined... 

Transparent, robust watermarking schemes tend to insert invisible watermarks with the highest possible energy. Singular values, in singular value decomposition (SVD), are shown to be robust to intentional and unintentional attacks. However, none of the algorithms proposed in the literature considered the visual imperceptibility constraint imposed by the human visual models. In this paper, we introduce an optimal SVD-based embedding framework, based on the well-known linear programming concept. Given a binary sequence of the mark, we show how to insert the message with the highest possible magnitude, without outlawing the just noticeable thresholds driven by the human visual system models in... 

The concern over fossil energy shortage for the next decade leads to the extensive research activities in the area of enhanced oil recovery. Steam injection as one of well known EOR process has been used for about five decades to improve the oil production rate and recovery efficiency. Steam flooding is applied to heavy and extra-heavy oil reservoirs; however it could be used in light oil reservoirs in which water injection do not work effectively. Regardless of different performances, this method is an efficient EOR process for both heavy and light oil reservoirs. In this work, two separate numerical models were prepared to investigate steam flooding performance for the recovery of light... 

The galaxy cluster system Abell 1689 has been well studied and yields good lensing and X-ray gas data. Modified gravity (MOG) is applied to the Abell 1689 cluster and the acceleration data is well fitted without assuming dark matter. Newtonian dynamics and modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) are shown not to fit the acceleration data, while a dark matter model based on the Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW) mass profile is shown to fit the acceleration data for the radial range r> 200 kpc. © 2017, Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany  

The resonant frequencies and torsional sensitivities of an atomic force microscope (AFM) assembled cantilever probe which comprises a horizontal cantilever, two vertical extensions and two tips located at their free ends are studied. This probe makes the AFM capable of measuring, for instance, the outer/inner diameter, roundness and roughness of microstructures like micro-holes and micro nozzles which leads to a time-saving swift scanning process. In this work, the effects of the sample surface contact stiffness and the geometrical parameters such as the ratio of the vertical extension length to the horizontal cantilever length and the distance of the first vertical extension from the... 

Apatite-coated Ag/AgBr/TiO2 was prepared by deposition of Ag as novel metal to generate electron-hole pairs by extending the excitation wavelength to the visible-light region, AgBr, and hydroxy apatite as photosensitive material and adsorption bioceramic, respectively. The energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry clearly showed the presence of Ti, Ag, Ca, and P elements on the surface of catalyst. The bactericidal experiments in dark media indicated that only the novel catalyst shows inhibiting growth of bacteria in this case. A transmission electron microscopy image illustrated that catalyst nanoparticles adhere to the outer membrane of the cell and act as an inhibitor to the nourishment of... 

We study the statistical mechanics of binary systems under the gravitational interaction of the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) in three-dimensional space. Considering the binary systems in the microcanonical and canonical ensembles, we show that in the microcanonical systems, unlike the Newtonian gravity, there is a sharp phase transition, with a high-temperature homogeneous phase and a low-temperature clumped binary one. Defining an order parameter in the canonical systems, we find a smoother phase transition and identify the corresponding critical temperature in terms of the physical parameters of the binary system. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland  

In this study, a novel approach based on a modified Kalman filter algorithm is presented to directly estimate and measure the surface topography of samples by trolling mode atomic force microscopy. Trolling mode atomic force microscopy was introduced as an atomic force microscopy alternative to overcome imaging problems in liquid environments by reducing the liquid-resonator interaction forces. In conventional imaging techniques, the time to reach the steady state periodic motion of the oscillating probe restricts scanning speed. To overcome this limitation, we propose a novel imaging technique for trolling mode atomic force microscopy based on the system dynamics model and using the... 

TiO2-based photocatalysts are seen as the most common agents for the photodegradation of bacteria. In this study, AgCl/TiO2, hydroxyapatite(Hp)/AgCl/TiO2, AgI/TiO2, and Hp/AgI/TiO2 were prepared by the deposition-precipitation method on P25 TiO2 nanoparticles and were characterized by XRD, SEM, FT-IR, EDX and BET methods. The prepared composites showed high efficiency for the inactivation of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria under visible light and in dark media with different catalyst amounts of 12 and 24 mg, respectively. In less than 30 min, AgI/TiO2, prepared by the combination of cationic surfactant and PVPI2, disinfected 1 × 10(7) colony-forming units of E. coli completely. However,... 

The discrepancy between expected and observed cooling rates of X-ray emitting gas has led to the cooling-flow problem at the cores of clusters of galaxies. A variety of models have been proposed to model the observed X-ray spectra and resolve the cooling-flow problem, which involves heating the cold gas through different mechanisms. As a result, realistic models of X-ray spectra of galaxy clusters need to involve both heating and cooling mechanisms. In this paper, we argue that the heating timescale is set by the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulent viscous heating for the Intracluster plasma, parameterized by the Shakura-Sunyaev viscosity parameter, α. Using a cooling+heating flow model, we... 

An economic-statistical design with multiple assignable causes following exponential distribution is presented in this paper for linear profiles. For this purpose, a tri-objective optimization model is proposed to minimize the cost with desired statistical performances. Average Run Length (ARL) as the primary statistical measure is employed for the appraisal of the designed linear profiles. The first objective to be minimized is a cost function that models the implementation cost in different states. The second objective is to maximize ARL or the in-control average run-length of the monitoring scheme. The third objective to be minimized is ARL 1 or the out-of-control average run-length of... 

Multi-component photocatalysts based on apatite-coated Ag=AgBr=TiO 2 were prepared by the deposition method. The effects of various kinds of apatites, with hydroxyl and fluoro substituents, on photocatalytic activity were investigated. The antibacterial processes in the dark, and under visible light, on two types of bacteria indicate that the multi-composites can inhibit the growth of bacteria by two different mechanisms. TEM images and optical microscopic data demonstrate that by attaching the nanosize catalyst to the outer membrane of the cell, the bacteria could not derive nourishment from surrounding media, i.e. this component acts as bacteria-static. The mechanism for deactivation of... 

The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), which is becoming the de facto standard for the next-generation VoIP networks, is currently receiving much attention in many aspects. One aspect that was not deeply addressed in the original SIP is its authentication procedure. Apart from its security, an SIP authentication procedure should be efficient. This paper proposes a robust and efficient three-party SIP authentication protocol. In this protocol, the. end users are. authenticated with the proxy server in their domain using the. registrar server. Compared to previous works, our proposed protocol is more efficient and secure. To support our protocol with a formal security proof, its model is...