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Experimental Study of Geotextile's Drainage and Filtration Properties in Dams under Different Hydraulic Gradients and Boundary Conditions
, M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology ; Pak, Ali (Supervisor)
Abstract
Geotextiles are one of the most widely used materials in filtration and drainage applications. Since geotextiles are exposed to different stresses and hydraulic gradients, thier hydraulic behavior in real situations is of great importance. In this study, filtration and drainage of several nonwoven needle-punched geotextiles with different properties and unit masses per area of 200g/m2, 400g/m2, 500g/m2 and 800g/m2 under various confined stresses and hydraulic gradients are investigated. To get to these aims, permittivity and transmissivity apparatuses were designed and built in the course of this investigation. Then samples which were emerged for at least 24 hours were tested under different...
Numerical Modeling of Dynamic Compaction Operation in Sandy Soils Deposits in Order to Provide a Design Approach
, M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology ; Pak, Ali (Supervisor)
Abstract
Dynamic compaction is a widely used soil deep improvement method in dry and/or saturated soils. Despite its vast application, numerical and /or experimental modeling studies of dynamic compaction due to impact are little. In order to clarify the ambiguities in process and to present a comprehensive design approach, numerical modeling of dynamic compaction in dry soils with PISA (A fully coupled dynamic finite element code: Program for Incremental Stress Analysis) has been done. Because the geometry and loading configuration are symmetric around the falling tamper (load centerline), a two-dimensional axisymmetric simulation has been used. Here for sake of simplicity, initial velocity of...
Dynamic Analysis of Pile Foundations Embedded in Liquefiable Soils
, M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology ; Pak, Ali (Supervisor)
Abstract
The behavior of pile foundations under earthquake loading is an important issue that affects the performance of structures. Design procedures have been developed for evaluating pile behavior under earthquake loading; however, the application of these procedures to cases involving liquefiable ground is uncertain. The performance of piles in liquefied soil layers is much more complex than that of non-liquefying soil layers because not only the superstructure and the surrounding soil exert different dynamic loads on pile, but also the stiffness and shear strength of surrounding soil diminishes over time due to both non-linear behavior of soil and pore water pressure generation. In this...
Numerical Simulation of Ground Displacement Induced by Lateral Spreading Phenomenon
, M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology ; Pak, Ali (Supervisor)
Abstract
The lateral movement of a liquefiable layer on gently slopes is the most visible and devastating type of liquefaction-induced ground failure. Occurrence of liquefaction in sloping ground causes large deformations on ground surface, which may lead to several meters in some cases. Recent earthquakes have shown that this phenomenon causes severe damages to coastal structures, piers of bridges and life-lines, by exerting large lateral forces. In this research, a fully coupled two-dimensional dynamic analysis has been used to simulate the lateral spreading phenomenon and to evaluate the magnitude of deformations occurred in liquefiable soils. The critical state bounding surface elastic-plastic...
Simulation of Two-Fluid Flow Through Particlulate Porous Media Contaning Moving Particles at Pore Scale Using Combined LB-DE Method
, Ph.D. Dissertation Sharif University of Technology ; Pak, Ali (Supervisor)
Abstract
A considerable number of engineering applications deal with flow of fluid(s) through particulate porous media. For certain engineering problems, fluid flow may displace and even dislodge the solid particles from the mass where a fluid-particle flow occurs. The complexity of involving processes which should be studied at the scale of moving particles transforms the analyses of these problems towards a difficult engineering task. Characteristics of solid grains such as size and shape and properties of the flowing fluid(s) such as viscosity and surface tension play essential roles in the behavior of fluid-particle systems. Also, when fluid flows through porous media, secondary processes such as...
Numerical Modeling of Dynamic Compaction in Saturated Soils
, M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology ; Pak, Ali (Supervisor)
Abstract
Dynamic compaction (DC), as a method of deep improvement of soft soils, recently has been used increasingly worldwide. The method involves application of high energy by dropping heavy tamper on surface of the soil. The majority of previous studies on DC are concentrated on dry soils. Observations show that DC treatment in saturated soils is also effective, but little studies in this area are available. A fully coupled dynamic finite element code, PISA, has been used in order to clarify the ambiguities in process and to predict the strain/displacement filed in the ground, determine depth and degree of improvement, and also calculate the pore pressure variation during the process. Because the...
Numerical Modeling of the Bahavior of Unsaturated Soils with the BBM in the FLAC Software
, M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology ; Pak, Ali (Supervisor)
Abstract
Although unsaturated soils exist all around the world, civil engineers are not familiar with unsaturated soil behavior; consequently, the soil structures they design may neither be safe nor economical. Thus, implementing unsaturated soil constitutive models to practical computer softwares can be very beneficial for geotechnical engineers. Geotechnical engineering softwares normally consider soil in saturated or dry conditions. So, their built-in constitutive models do not usually consider unsaturated soils. In this study, Barcelona Basic Model (BBM), which is developed using critical states soils mechanics principles, is implemented to the FLAC2D software. This model can simulate complex...
Investigating the Influence of a Silty Layer on the Liquefaction of Saturated Sandy Soils through Numerical Methods
, M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology ; Pak, Ali (Supervisor)
Abstract
One of the main geotechnical phenomena that causes severe damage during earthquake is liquefaction. This incident occurs due to the undrained behavior of loose sandy soils. In this occurrence, the interaction between the solid and liquid phases in a cyclic motion leads to an increase in pore water pressure and a decrease in interactive forces (effective forces) between grains in the solid grains. Therefore, shear strength decreases. Different aspects of the aforementioned phenomenon is investigated, namely, field, laboratory, and numerical; nevertheless, the study is largely focused on the numerical modelling. Most studies in this field are carried out on a one-layer saturated sand. However,...
Bearing Capacity and Settlement Analysis of Intermediate Foundation (Short Rammed Aggregate Piers)
, M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology ; Pak, Ali (Supervisor)
Abstract
Using short rammed aggregate piers (RAP) is one of the ground improvement methods that is suitable for loose sands and soft clays. In this method, gravel or crushed stone is placed in layers with specific thickness in a pre-drilled cavity and each layer is fully compacted with impacts of a hammer. The basic advantages of these piers are increasing soil lateral stresses due to aggregate ramming and increasing the consolidation rate due to high permeability of aggregates. The main application of RAPs is soil improvement underneath shallow foundations, in order to increase the bearing capacity and reduce settlement of foundation. Regarding the usual height of 1.5 to 5m of these piers, a...
Comparison between Performance of Stone Columns and RAPs from the Bearing Capacity and Settlement Reduction Viewpoints
, M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology ; Pak, Ali (Supervisor)
Abstract
Out of several ground improvement techniques available, stone columns have been widely used. This technique has been successfully applied to increase the bearing capacity and to reduce the settlement for foundation of structures like liquid storage tanks, earthen embankments, raft foundations, etc., where a relatively large settlement is permissible. This technique has, generally, been proven successful in increasing the stiffness of weak soils, upgrading their safe bearing capacity, and reducing their total and differential settlements, as well as speeding up their consolidation process. The beneficial effects of stone column installation in weak deposits is manifested in the form of...
Numerical Study of Sand Production in Oil Extracting Wells
, M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology ; Pak, Ali (Supervisor)
Abstract
Sand production in petroleum industry is a phenomenon of solid particles being produced together with reservoir fluid. This phenomenon is costing industry billions of dollars every year. Corrosion of the pipelines and other instruments, sand-oil separation cost, possible wellbore choke and repeated shut-in and clean-up of the wellbore are some of examples of the costs. On the other hand, a controlled sanding or even sand production invocation has proved to be very effective in increasing production rate, especially in heavy oil recovery, asphalt wells and low PI wells. Discovering the best sand controlling procedure in oil extracting wells, parameters that have the most important effects on...
, M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology ; Pak, Ali (Supervisor)
Abstract
Lateral spreading is a common mode of earthquake-induced failure that usually occurs as a result of liquefaction in gently sloped sandy layers. Numerical simulation of this phenomenon requires fully coupled analysis of displacement of solid sand particles and pore water pressure under seismic loading. Predicting occurrence of initial liquefaction and sub-sequent ground movement requires employing an efficient and robust constitutive model that can predict the undrained behavior of saturated sand under different conditions. In this study, a fully coupled finite element code “PISA” utilizing a critical state two-surface plasticity constitutive model, proposed by Manzari and Dafalias (1997),...
Numerical Study on the Effects of Liquefaction Induced Lateral Spreading on Rigid Waterfront Structures
, M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology ; Pak, Ali (Supervisor)
Abstract
Lateral Spreading, which usually occurs as a consequence of liquefaction in gently sloped loose saturated sand layers, is known to be a major source of earthquake-induced damages to structures such as bridge piers, quay walls, pipelines and highway/railway. Therefore, evaluation of liquefaction potential and using appropriate methods for prediction of the adverse events of lateral spreading is of great importance. In this study, numerical modeling has been used to study of lateral spreading phenomenon behind rigid waterfront structures. In order to perform a numerical modeling of lateral spreading and also designing the structures exposed to its effects, the interaction of the soil solid...
Parametric Study of Shallow Foundations Settlement Due to Liquefaction Phenomenon on a Two-Layered Soil
, M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology ; Pak, Ali (Supervisor)
Abstract
Settlement and tilt of structures due to liquefaction of subsoil layers is a major cause of damage during earthquake. Among different soil profile type, two layered soil is very common which was reported many times in differen earthquakes. Settlement of structures was measured by means of empirical methods before which were not viable because they do not consider different effective parameters. Consequently, different experimental studies performed to shed light on different aspects of liquefaction phenomena. In these studies, researchers consider some of the main parameters which have effect on the soil, otherwise, they neglected some important factors. So, numerical procedure is more...
Evaluation of using Lattice Boltzmann Method for Simulation of Two Phase Flow in Saturated Porous Media
, M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology ; Pak, Ali (Supervisor)
Abstract
Fluid flow in porous media is a common phenomenon in the nature, in many fields of science and engineering such as flow of water in the soil, migration of contaminants in the soil, petroleum reservoir engineering, semi?olten magma flow in the crust, water flow in plants, blood flow in body tissues, etc. In many cases, the porous structure of the medium and fluid flow pattern are very complex because of the inherent problems of fluidAluid and fluidsolid interactions. Also, secondary issues such as intrinsic permeability and tortuosity of porous media, and relative permeability of two phase flow, increase the complication of the analyses. Studying these types of phenomena in the nature or even...
Comparison of Constitutive Laws for Numerical Simulation of Soil Liquefaction Phenomenon
, M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology ; Pak, Ali (Supervisor)
Abstract
Liquefaction is one of the probable consequences of earthquake in soil layers of saturated loose sands. Various aspects of liquefaction have been investigated using different methods of field, laboratory, and numerical studies. Numerical simulation of liquefaction constitutes a major part of these researches. A proper constitutive law must be implemented in the numerical analysis for modeling the complicated behavior of saturated sands during dynamic loading. Simplicity of formulation, limited number of parameters and good performance are the main features of a proper constitutive law. In this study, Endochronic model for simulating liquefaction has been introduced. This model is implemented...
3D Numerical Modeling of Dynamic Instability Induced by Liquefaction in Loose Sand Deposit when Earthquake Occurs Perpendicular to the Slope
, M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology ; Pak, Ali (Supervisor)
Abstract
Soil liquefaction occurring in loose saturated sand deposits during seismic loadings is one of the most destructive earthquake-induced phenomena in the field of earthquake geotechnical engineering. Catastrophic destructions due to this phenomenon that have been observed in the earthquakes such as Kobe (1995), Chi-Chi (1999), etc. has led to extensive studies in this field. In case of soil slopes prone to liquefaction hazard, detailed analysis of this phenomenon requires considering soil-related factors (e.g. shear strength, relative density, permeability, slope geometry) on the one hand, and earthquake-related characteristics (e.g. amplitude, frequency, duration) on the other. Numerical...
Prediction of Sand Production in Extraction Wells Using Numerical Simulation Based on Finite Element Method
, M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology ; Pak, Ali (Supervisor)
Abstract
Sand production is a phenomenon of producing solid particles together with the reservoir fluid. Material degradation is a key process leading to sanding. Drilling operation, cyclic effects of shut-in and start-up, operational conditions and reservoir pressure depletion may gradually lead to sandstone degradation around perforations and boreholes. Sand production is a major issue and has an adverse impact on production cost that gas and petroleum industry have faced for decades. Corrosion of the pipelines and surface facilities, sand-oil separation cost, repeated shut-in and clean-up of the wellbore are some of the examples. On the other hand, a controlled sanding could be beneficial in...
Numerical Modeling of liquefaction-induced Settlement of Free Field and Comparison of its Results with Empirical Models
, M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology ; Pak, Ali (Supervisor)
Abstract
A numerical framework is proposed to estimate the liquefaction-induced settlement of the fully saturated sandy layers in the free fields due to earthquake excitation and the results of the proposed method are compared with those of the empirical or probabilistic methods suggested by the previous researchers. Liquefaction is a sudden transformation of saturated sandy soil into a viscous fluid which is caused by the increase in the pore pressure and decrease in the effective stress and results in the reduction of the shear strength of the soil. One of the most important consequences of liquefaction is the liquefaction induced settlement which has caused severe damages in many places in the...
Numerical Modelling of Armour Layer Stability in Low-crested Breakwaters Using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) and Discrete Element Method (DEM)
, Ph.D. Dissertation Sharif University of Technology ; Pak, Ali (Supervisor)
Abstract
Rubble mound low-crested breakwaters protect the structures and ships in the port against wave attacks. Due to the overtopping, these structures provide a more attractive landscape and helps preserve the port's environment. Stability of low-crested breakwaters relies on the stability of the armor layer against the wave action, requiring the choice of the appropriate diameter for the armour blocks. For cubic armours that are of interest to the designers, there is currently no design relationship, and they inevitably use formulae specified for high-crested breakwaters that may not be in the safe side. The conventional method for determining the required armour diameter for a breakwater is...