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    Fabrication and َAnlysis of Dye sensitized Solar Cells without Using FTO

    , M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology Pishgar, Sahar (Author) ; Taghavinia, Nima (Supervisor)
    Abstract
    By the use of flexible substrates like metal foils and meshes and plastic ones, fabrication of flexible dye sensitized solar cells are possible. Flexible dye sensitized solar cell, not only is utilized in portable, light electronic devices, but is also conductive to industrial roll to roll fabrication which enables the implementation of high throughput production lines and its associated potential reduction in manufacturing costs. This thesis has concentrated on fabrication of flexible dye sensitized solar cells by use of stainless steel mesh as substrate of photo-anode, because of its satisfying stability in electrolyte, flexibility, transparency and low cost. In this research, an efficient... 

    Electrodeposition of Pt nanostructures and its Application as Glucose Sensor

    , Ph.D. Dissertation Sharif University of Technology Mahshid, Sahar Sadat (Author) ; Dolati, Abolghasem (Supervisor) ; Ghorbani, Mohammad (Supervisor)
    Abstract
    The present work describes sensing application of modified Pt nanostructures towards detection of glucose. Modified Pt nanostructured electrodes were prepared using electrodeposition method such as chronoampermetry and potentiostatic pulse methods. The electrodeposition of Pt nanostructures was first studied by voltammetry and amperommetry techniques and then potentiostatic pulse method has been used to produce the alloyed structures of platinum. In this regard, the first electrode was proposed based on alloyed Pt/Ni nanowire arrays (NWAs) for the non-enzymatic detection of glucose. The Pt/Ni NWAs were prepared by pulse electrodeposition of Pt and Ni within a nano-pore polycarbonate (PC)... 

    Quantum Estimation of Open Systems Using Extended Cramer-Rao Bounds

    , M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology Mehboudi, Mohammad (Author) ; Rezakhani, Ali (Supervisor) ; Alipour, Sahar (Co-Advisor)
    Abstract
    Any physical system is characterized with some set of quantities or parameters, knowing which, is equivalent to estimation of the system. Evaluating such parameters is usually done using tomography methods. An important question to ask, is how to increase the precision of measurement, being able to do some specific set of physical operations, say, measurement?
    this question is more important in parameter estimation in quantum meanical systems. It has been shown that, quantum meanics causes a fundamental limit, on precision of estimating su parameters, escribed by the so called “antum Cramér-Rao bound”.We must note that almost all quantum meanical systems are interacting with the... 

    Selective Transfection of Smart Polymeric Nanoparticles Into Reactive Astrocytes in Animal Model of Spinal Cord Injury

    , Ph.D. Dissertation Sharif University of Technology Sabourian, Parinaz (Author) ; Frounchi, Masoud (Supervisor) ; Mashayekhan, Shohreh (Co-Supervisor) ; Kiani, Sahar (Co-Supervisor)
    Abstract
    In this study, chitosan-based nanoparticles were prepared due to their biocompatibility, availability, high loading capacity of drug, stimulus responsive behavior and the presence of active functional groups. Chitosan was chemically functionalized with reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive moiety to respond to the oxidative stess and endosomal pH in nerve injuries. To prepare nanoparticles, functinalized chitosan ionically gelated with pH-responsive polyanions with ROS-scavenging properties such as polyacrylic acid and hyaluronic acid. Then, pH- and ROS-responsive nanoparticles were used for selective transfection into reactive astrocytes and axonal regeneration in spinal cord injuries.... 

    Iran in transition

    , Article The Lancet ; Volume 393, Issue 10184 , 2019 , Pages 1984-2005 ; 01406736 (ISSN) Danaei, G ; Farzadfar, F ; Kelishadi, R ; Rashidian, A ; Rouhani, O. M ; Ahmadnia, S ; Ahmadvand, A ; Arabi, M ; Ardalan, A ; Arhami, M ; Azizi, M. H ; Bahadori, M ; Baumgartner, J ; Beheshtian, A ; Djalalinia, S ; Doshmangir, L ; Haghdoost, A. A ; Haghshenas, R ; Hosseinpoor, A. R ; Islami, F ; Kamangar, F ; Khalili, D ; Madani, K ; Masoumi Asl, H ; Mazyaki, A ; Mirchi, A ; Moradi, E ; Nayernouri, T ; Niemeier, D ; Houshang Omidvari, A ; Peykari, N ; Pishgar, F ; Qorbani, M ; Rahimi, K ; Rahimi Movaghar, A ; Ramezani Tehrani, F ; Rezaei, N ; Shahraz, S ; Takian, A ; Tootee, A ; Ezzati, M ; Jamshidi, H. R ; Larijani, B ; Majdzadeh, R ; Malekzadeh, R ; Sharif University of Technology
    Lancet Publishing Group  2019
    Abstract
    Being the second-largest country in the Middle East, Iran has a long history of civilisation during which several dynasties have been overthrown and established and health-related structures have been reorganised. Iran has had the replacement of traditional practices with modern medical treatments, emergence of multiple pioneer scientists and physicians with great contributions to the advancement of science, environmental and ecological changes in addition to large-scale natural disasters, epidemics of multiple communicable diseases, and the shift towards non-communicable diseases in recent decades. Given the lessons learnt from political instabilities in the past centuries and the... 

    Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

    , Article The Lancet ; Volume 396, Issue 10258 , 2020 , Pages 1160-1203 Abbafati, C ; Machado, D.B ; Cislaghi, B ; Salman, O.M ; Karanikolos, M ; McKee, M ; Abbas, K.M ; Brady, O.J ; Larson, H.J ; Trias-Llimós, S ; Cummins, S ; Langan, S.M ; Sartorius, B ; Hafiz, A ; Jenabi, E ; Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N ; Borzouei, S ; Azarian, G ; Khazaei, S ; Abbasi, M ; Asghari, B ; Masoumi, S ; Komaki, H ; Taherkhani, A ; Adabi, M ; Abbasifard, M ; Bazmandegan, G ; Kamiab, Z ; Vakilian, A ; Anjomshoa, M ; Mokari, A ; Sabour, S ; Shahbaz, M ; Saeedi, R ; Ahmadieh, H ; Yousefinezhadi, T ; Haj-Mirzaian, A ; Nikbakhsh, R ; Safi, S ; Asgari, S ; Irvani, S.N ; Jahanmehr, N ; Ramezanzadeh, K ; Abbasi-Kangevari, M ; Khayamzadeh, M ; Abbastabar, H ; Shirkoohi, R ; Fazlzadeh, M ; Janjani, H ; Hosseini, M ; Mansournia, M ; Tohidinik, H ; Bakhtiari, A ; Fazaeli, A ; Mousavi, S ; Hasanzadeh, A ; Nabavizadeh, B ; Malekzadeh, R ; Hashemian, M ; Pourshams, A ; Salimzadeh, H ; Sepanlou, S.G ; Afarideh, M ; Esteghamati, A ; Esteghamati, S ; Ghajar, A ; Heidari, B ; Rezaei, N ; Mohamadi, E ; Rahimi-Movaghar, A ; Rahim, F ; Eskandarieh, S ; Sahraian, M ; Mohebi, F ; Aminorroaya, A ; Ebrahimi, H ; Farzadfar, F ; Mohajer, B ; Pishgar, F ; Saeedi Moghaddam, S ; Shabani, M ; Zarafshan, H ; Abolhassani, H ; Hafezi-Nejad, N ; Heidari-Soureshjani, R ; Abdollahi, M ; Farahmand, M ; Salamati, P ; Mehrabi Nasab, E ; Tajdini, M ; Aghamir, S ; Mirzaei, R ; Dibaji Forooshani, Z ; Khater, M.M ; Abd-Allah, F ; Abdelalim, A ; Abualhasan, A ; El-Jaafary, S.I ; Hassan, A ; Elsharkawy, A ; Khater, A.M ; Elhabashy, H.R ; Salem, M.R.R ; Salem, H ; Sadeghi, M ; Jafarinia, M ; Amini-Rarani, M ; Mohammadifard, N ; Sarrafzadegan, N ; Abdollahpour, I ; Sarveazad, A ; Tehrani-Banihashemi, A ; Yoosefi Lebni, J ; Manafi, N ; Pazoki Toroudi, H ; Dorostkar, F ; Alipour, V ; Sheikhtaheri, A ; Arabloo, J ; Azari, S ; Ghashghaee, A ; Rezapour, A ; Naserbakht, M ; Kabir, A ; Mehri, F ; Yousefifard, M ; Asadi-Aliabadi, M ; Babaee, E ; Eshrati, B ; Goharinezhad, S ; Moradi-Lakeh, M ; Abedi, P ; Rashedi, V ; Kumar, V ; Elgendy, I.Y ; Basu, S ; Park, J ; Pereira, A ; Norheim, O.F ; Eagan, A.W ; Cahill, L.E ; Sheikh, A ; Abushouk, A.I ; Kraemer, M.U.G ; Thakur, B ; Bärnighausen, T.W ; Shrime, M.G ; Abedi, A ; Doshi, C.P ; Abegaz, K.H ; Geberemariyam, B.S ; Aynalem, Y.A ; Shiferaw, W.S ; Abosetugn, A.E ; Aboyans, V ; Abrams, E.M ; Gitimoghaddam, M ; Kissoon, N ; Stubbs, J.L ; Brauer, M ; Iyamu, I.O ; Kopec, J.A ; Pourmalek, F ; Ribeiro, A.P ; Malta, D.C ; Gomez, R.S ; Abreu, L.G ; Abrigo, M.R.M ; Almulhim, A.M ; Dahlawi, S.M.A ; Pottoo, F.H ; Menezes, R.G ; Alanzi, T.M ; Alumran, A.K ; Abu Haimed, A.K ; Madadin, M ; Alanezi, F.M ; Abu-Gharbieh, E ; Saddik, B ; Abu-Raddad, L.J ; Samy, A.M ; El Nahas, N ; Shalash, A.S ; Nabhan, A.F ; Kamath, A.M ; Kassebaum, N.J ; Aravkin, A.Y ; Kochhar, S ; Sorensen, R.J.D ; Afshin, A ; Burkart, K ; Cromwell, E.A ; Dandona, L ; Dharmaratne, S.D ; Gakidou, E ; Hay, S.I ; Kyu, H.H ; Lopez, A.D ; Lozano, R ; Misganaw, A.T ; Mokdad, A.H ; Naghavi, M ; Pigott, D.M ; Reiner Jr, R.C ; Roth, G.A ; Stanaway, J.D ; Vollset, S ; Vos, T ; Wang, H ; Lim, S.S ; Murray, C.J.L ; Kalani, R ; Ikuta, K.S ; Cho, D.Y ; Kneib, C.J ; Crowe, C.S ; Massenburg, B.B ; Morrison, S.D ; Acebedo, A ; Adelson, J.D ; Agesa, K.M ; Alam, T ; Albertson, S.B ; Anderson, J.A ; Antony, C.M ; Ashbaugh, C ; Assmus, M ; Azhar, G ; Balassyano, S ; Bannick, M.S ; Barthelemy, C.M ; Bender, R.G ; Bennitt, F.B ; Bertolacci, G.J ; Biehl, M.H ; Bisignano, C ; Boon-Dooley, A.S ; Briant, P.S ; Bryazka, D ; Bumgarner, B.R ; Callender, C.S ; Cao, J ; Castle, C.D ; Castro, E ; Causey, K ; Cercy, K.M ; Chalek, J ; Charlson, F.J ; Cohen, A.J ; Comfort, H ; Compton, K ; Croneberger, A.J ; Cruz, J.A ; Cunningham, M ; Dandona, R ; Dangel, W.J ; Dean, F.E ; DeCleene, N.K ; Deen, A ; Degenhardt, L ; Dingels, Z.V ; Dippenaar, I.N ; Dirac, M.A ; Dolgert, A.J ; Emmons-Bell, S ; Estep, K ; Farag, T ; Feigin, V.L ; Feldman, R ; Ferrara, G ; Ferrari, A.J ; Fitzgerald, R ; Force, L.M ; Fox, J.T ; Frank, T.D ; Fu, W ; Fukutaki, K ; Fuller, J.E ; Fullman, N ; Galles, N.C ; Gardner, W.M ; Gershberg Hayoon, A ; Goren, E ; Gorman, T.M ; Gottlich, H.C ; Guo, G ; Haddock, B ; Hagins, H ; Haile, L.M ; Hamilton, E.B ; Han, C ; Han, H ; Harvey, J.D ; Henny, K ; Henrikson, H.J ; Henry, N.J ; Herbert, M.E ; Hsiao, T ; Huynh, C.K ; Iannucci, V.C ; Ippolito, H ; Irvine, C.M.S ; Jafari, H ; Jahagirdar, D ; James, S.L ; Johnson, C.O ; Johnson, S.C ; Keller, C ; Kemmer, L ; Kendrick, P.J ; Knight, M ; Kocarnik, J.M ; Krohn, K.J ; Larson, S.L ; Lau, K.M ; Ledesma, J.R ; Leever, A.T ; LeGrand, K.E ; Lescinsky, H ; Lin, C ; Liu, H ; Liu, Z ; Lo, J ; Lu, A ; Ma, J ; Maddison, E.R ; Manguerra, H ; Marks, A ; Martopullo, I ; Mastrogiacomo, C.I ; May, E.A ; Mooney, M.D ; Mosser, J.F ; Mullany, E.C ; Mumford, J ; Munro, S.B ; Nandakumar, V ; Nguyen, J ; Nguyen, M ; Nichols, E ; Nixon, M.R ; Odell, C.M ; Ong, K.L ; Orji, A.U ; Ostroff, S.M ; Pasovic, M ; Paulson, K.R ; Pease, S.A ; Pennini, A ; Pierce, M ; Pilz, T.M ; Pletcher, M ; Rao, P.C ; Razo, C ; Redford, S.B ; Reinig, N ; Reitsma, M.B ; Rhinehart, P ; Robalik, T ; Roberts, S ; Roberts, N.L.S ; Rolfe, S ; Sbarra, A.N ; Schaeffer, L.E ; Shackelford, K.A ; Shadid, J ; Sharara, F ; Shaw, D.H ; Sheena, B.S ; Simpson, K.E ; Smith, A ; Spencer, C.N ; Spurlock, E.E ; Stark, B.A ; Steiner, C ; Steuben, K.M ; Sylte, D.O ; Tang, M ; Taylor, H.J ; Terrason, S ; Thomson, A.M ; Torre, A.E ; Travillian, R ; Troeger, C.E ; Vongpradith, A ; Walters, M.K ; Wang, J ; Watson, A ; Watson, S ; Whisnant, J.L ; Whiteford, H.A ; Wiens, K.E ; Wilner, L.B ; Wilson, S ; Wool, E.E ; Wozniak, S.S ; Wu, J ; Wulf Hanson, S ; Wunrow, H ; Xu, R ; Sharif University of Technology
    Lancet Publishing Group  2020
    Abstract
    Background: Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019. Methods: 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal... 

    Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

    , Article The Lancet ; Volume 396, Issue 10258 , 2020 , Pages 1204-1222 Abbafati, C ; Machado, D.B ; Cislaghi, B ; Salman, O.M ; Karanikolos, M ; McKee, M ; Abbas, K.M ; Brady, O.J ; Larson, H.J ; Trias-Llimós, S ; Cummins, S ; Langan, S.M ; Sartorius, B ; Hafiz, A ; Jenabi, E ; Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N ; Borzouei, S ; Azarian, G ; Khazaei, S ; Abbasi, M ; Asghari, B ; Masoumi, S ; Komaki, H ; Taherkhani, A ; Adabi, M ; Abbasifard, M ; Bazmandegan, G ; Kamiab, Z ; Vakilian, A ; Anjomshoa, M ; Mokari, A ; Sabour, S ; Shahbaz, M ; Saeedi, R ; Ahmadieh, H ; Yousefinezhadi, T ; Haj-Mirzaian, A ; Nikbakhsh, R ; Safi, S ; Asgari, S ; Irvani, S.N ; Jahanmehr, N ; Ramezanzadeh, K ; Abbasi-Kangevari, M ; Khayamzadeh, M ; Abbastabar, H ; Shirkoohi, R ; Fazlzadeh, M ; Janjani, H ; Hosseini, M ; Mansournia, M ; Tohidinik, H ; Bakhtiari, A ; Fazaeli, A ; Mousavi, S ; Hasanzadeh, A ; Nabavizadeh, B ; Malekzadeh, R ; Hashemian, M ; Pourshams, A ; Salimzadeh, H ; Sepanlou, S.G ; Afarideh, M ; Esteghamati, A ; Esteghamati, S ; Ghajar, A ; Heidari, B ; Rezaei, N ; Mohamadi, E ; Rahimi-Movaghar, A ; Rahim, F ; Eskandarieh, S ; Sahraian, M ; Mohebi, F ; Aminorroaya, A ; Ebrahimi, H ; Farzadfar, F ; Mohajer, B ; Pishgar, F ; Saeedi Moghaddam, S ; Shabani, M ; Zarafshan, H ; Abolhassani, H ; Hafezi-Nejad, N ; Heidari-Soureshjani, R ; Abdollahi, M ; Farahmand, M ; Salamati, P ; Mehrabi Nasab, E ; Tajdini, M ; Aghamir, S ; Mirzaei, R ; Dibaji Forooshani, Z ; Khater, M.M ; Abd-Allah, F ; Abdelalim, A ; Abualhasan, A ; El-Jaafary, S.I ; Hassan, A ; Elsharkawy, A ; Khater, A.M ; Elhabashy, H.R ; Salem, M.R.R ; Salem, H ; Sadeghi, M ; Jafarinia, M ; Amini-Rarani, M ; Mohammadifard, N ; Sarrafzadegan, N ; Abdollahpour, I ; Sarveazad, A ; Tehrani-Banihashemi, A ; Yoosefi Lebni, J ; Manafi, N ; Pazoki Toroudi, H ; Dorostkar, F ; Alipour, V ; Sheikhtaheri, A ; Arabloo, J ; Azari, S ; Ghashghaee, A ; Rezapour, A ; Naserbakht, M ; Kabir, A ; Mehri, F ; Yousefifard, M ; Asadi-Aliabadi, M ; Babaee, E ; Eshrati, B ; Goharinezhad, S ; Moradi-Lakeh, M ; Abedi, P ; Rashedi, V ; Kumar, V ; Elgendy, I.Y ; Basu, S ; Park, J ; Pereira, A ; Norheim, O.F ; Eagan, A.W ; Cahill, L.E ; Sheikh, A ; Abushouk, A.I ; Kraemer, M.U.G ; Thakur, B ; Bärnighausen, T.W ; Shrime, M.G ; Abedi, A ; Doshi, C.P ; Abegaz, K.H ; Geberemariyam, B.S ; Aynalem, Y.A ; Shiferaw, W.S ; Abosetugn, A.E ; Aboyans, V ; Abrams, E.M ; Gitimoghaddam, M ; Kissoon, N ; Stubbs, J.L ; Brauer, M ; Iyamu, I.O ; Kopec, J.A ; Pourmalek, F ; Ribeiro, A.P ; Malta, D.C ; Gomez, R.S ; Abreu, L.G ; Abrigo, M.R.M ; Almulhim, A.M ; Dahlawi, S.M.A ; Pottoo, F.H ; Menezes, R.G ; Alanzi, T.M ; Alumran, A.K ; Abu Haimed, A.K ; Madadin, M ; Alanezi, F.M ; Abu-Gharbieh, E ; Saddik, B ; Abu-Raddad, L.J ; Samy, A.M ; El Nahas, N ; Shalash, A.S ; Nabhan, A.F ; Kamath, A.M ; Kassebaum, N.J ; Aravkin, A.Y ; Kochhar, S ; Sorensen, R.J.D ; Afshin, A ; Burkart, K ; Cromwell, E.A ; Dandona, L ; Dharmaratne, S.D ; Gakidou, E ; Hay, S.I ; Kyu, H.H ; Lopez, A.D ; Lozano, R ; Misganaw, A.T ; Mokdad, A.H ; Naghavi, M ; Pigott, D.M ; Reiner Jr, R.C ; Roth, G.A ; Stanaway, J.D ; Vollset, S ; Vos, T ; Wang, H ; Lim, S.S ; Murray, C.J.L ; Kalani, R ; Ikuta, K.S ; Cho, D.Y ; Kneib, C.J ; Crowe, C.S ; Massenburg, B.B ; Morrison, S.D ; Acebedo, A ; Adelson, J.D ; Agesa, K.M ; Alam, T ; Albertson, S.B ; Anderson, J.A ; Antony, C.M ; Ashbaugh, C ; Assmus, M ; Azhar, G ; Balassyano, S ; Bannick, M.S ; Barthelemy, C.M ; Bender, R.G ; Bennitt, F.B ; Bertolacci, G.J ; Biehl, M.H ; Bisignano, C ; Boon-Dooley, A.S ; Briant, P.S ; Bryazka, D ; Bumgarner, B.R ; Callender, C.S ; Cao, J ; Castle, C.D ; Castro, E ; Causey, K ; Cercy, K.M ; Chalek, J ; Charlson, F.J ; Cohen, A.J ; Comfort, H ; Compton, K ; Croneberger, A.J ; Cruz, J.A ; Cunningham, M ; Dandona, R ; Dangel, W.J ; Dean, F.E ; DeCleene, N.K ; Deen, A ; Degenhardt, L ; Dingels, Z.V ; Dippenaar, I.N ; Dirac, M.A ; Dolgert, A.J ; Emmons-Bell, S ; Estep, K ; Farag, T ; Feigin, V.L ; Feldman, R ; Ferrara, G ; Ferrari, A.J ; Fitzgerald, R ; Force, L.M ; Fox, J.T ; Frank, T.D ; Fu, W ; Fukutaki, K ; Fuller, J.E ; Fullman, N ; Galles, N.C ; Gardner, W.M ; Gershberg Hayoon, A ; Goren, E ; Gorman, T.M ; Gottlich, H.C ; Guo, G ; Haddock, B ; Hagins, H ; Haile, L.M ; Hamilton, E.B ; Han, C ; Han, H ; Harvey, J.D ; Henny, K ; Henrikson, H.J ; Henry, N.J ; Herbert, M.E ; Hsiao, T ; Huynh, C.K ; Iannucci, V.C ; Ippolito, H ; Irvine, C.M.S ; Jafari, H ; Jahagirdar, D ; James, S.L ; Johnson, C.O ; Johnson, S.C ; Keller, C ; Kemmer, L ; Kendrick, P.J ; Knight, M ; Kocarnik, J.M ; Krohn, K.J ; Larson, S.L ; Lau, K.M ; Ledesma, J.R ; Leever, A.T ; LeGrand, K.E ; Lescinsky, H ; Lin, C ; Liu, H ; Liu, Z ; Lo, J ; Lu, A ; Ma, J ; Maddison, E.R ; Manguerra, H ; Marks, A ; Martopullo, I ; Mastrogiacomo, C.I ; May, E.A ; Mooney, M.D ; Mosser, J.F ; Mullany, E.C ; Mumford, J ; Munro, S.B ; Nandakumar, V ; Nguyen, J ; Nguyen, M ; Nichols, E ; Nixon, M.R ; Odell, C.M ; Ong, K.L ; Orji, A.U ; Ostroff, S.M ; Pasovic, M ; Paulson, K.R ; Pease, S.A ; Pennini, A ; Pierce, M ; Pilz, T.M ; Pletcher, M ; Rao, P.C ; Razo, C ; Redford, S.B ; Reinig, N ; Reitsma, M.B ; Rhinehart, P ; Robalik, T ; Roberts, S ; Roberts, N.L.S ; Rolfe, S ; Sbarra, A.N ; Schaeffer, L.E ; Shackelford, K.A ; Shadid, J ; Sharara, F ; Shaw, D.H ; Sheena, B.S ; Simpson, K.E ; Smith, A ; Spencer, C.N ; Spurlock, E.E ; Stark, B.A ; Steiner, C ; Steuben, K.M ; Sylte, D.O ; Tang, M ; Taylor, H.J ; Terrason, S ; Thomson, A.M ; Torre, A.E ; Travillian, R ; Troeger, C.E ; Vongpradith, A ; Walters, M.K ; Wang, J ; Watson, A ; Watson, S ; Whisnant, J.L ; Whiteford, H.A ; Wiens, K.E ; Wilner, L.B ; Wilson, S ; Wool, E.E ; Wozniak, S.S ; Wu, J ; Wulf Hanson, S ; Wunrow, H ; Xu, R ; Sharif University of Technology
    Lancet Publishing Group  2020
    Abstract
    Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and... 

    Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

    , Article The Lancet ; Volume 396, Issue 10258 , 2020 , Pages 1223-1249 Abbafati, C ; Machado, D. B ; Cislaghi, B ; Salman, O. M ; Karanikolos, M ; McKee, M ; Abbas, K. M ; Brady, O. J ; Larson, H. J ; Trias Llimós, S ; Cummins, S ; Langan, S. M ; Sartorius, B ; Hafiz, A ; Jenabi, E ; Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N ; Borzouei, S ; Azarian, G ; Khazaei, S ; Abbasi, M ; Asghari, B ; Masoumi, S ; Komaki, H ; Taherkhani, A ; Adabi, M ; Abbasifard, M ; Bazmandegan, G ; Kamiab, Z ; Vakilian, A ; Anjomshoa, M ; Mokari, A ; Sabour, S ; Shahbaz, M ; Saeedi, R ; Ahmadieh, H ; Yousefinezhadi, T ; Haj Mirzaian, A ; Nikbakhsh, R ; Safi, S ; Asgari, S ; Irvani, S. N ; Jahanmehr, N ; Ramezanzadeh, K ; Abbasi Kangevari, M ; Khayamzadeh, M ; Abbastabar, H ; Shirkoohi, R ; Fazlzadeh, M ; Janjani, H ; Hosseini, M ; Mansournia, M ; Tohidinik, H ; Bakhtiari, A ; Fazaeli, A ; Mousavi, S ; Hasanzadeh, A ; Nabavizadeh, B ; Malekzadeh, R ; Hashemian, M ; Pourshams, A ; Salimzadeh, H ; Sepanlou, S. G ; Afarideh, M ; Esteghamati, A ; Esteghamati, S ; Ghajar, A ; Heidari, B ; Rezaei, N ; Mohamadi, E ; Rahimi Movaghar, A ; Rahim, F ; Eskandarieh, S ; Sahraian, M ; Mohebi, F ; Aminorroaya, A ; Ebrahimi, H ; Farzadfar, F ; Mohajer, B ; Pishgar, F ; Saeedi Moghaddam, S ; Shabani, M ; Zarafshan, H ; Abolhassani, H ; Hafezi Nejad, N ; Heidari Soureshjani, R ; Abdollahi, M ; Farahmand, M ; Salamati, P ; Mehrabi Nasab, E ; Tajdini, M ; Aghamir, S ; Mirzaei, R ; Dibaji Forooshani, Z ; Khater, M. M ; Abd-Allah, F ; Abdelalim, A ; Abualhasan, A ; El-Jaafary, S. I ; Hassan, A ; Elsharkawy, A ; Khater, A. M ; Elhabashy, H. R ; Salem, M. R. R ; Salem, H ; Sadeghi, M ; Jafarinia, M ; Amini-Rarani, M ; Mohammadifard, N ; Sarrafzadegan, N ; Abdollahpour, I ; Sarveazad, A ; Tehrani Banihashemi, A ; Yoosefi Lebni, J ; Manafi, N ; Pazoki Toroudi, H ; Dorostkar, F ; Alipour, V ; Sheikhtaheri, A ; Arabloo, J ; Azari, S ; Ghashghaee, A ; Rezapour, A ; Naserbakht, M ; Kabir, A ; Mehri, F ; Yousefifard, M ; Asadi-Aliabadi, M ; Babaee, E ; Eshrati, B ; Goharinezhad, S ; Moradi Lakeh, M ; Abedi, P ; Rashedi, V ; Kumar, V ; Elgendy, I. Y ; Basu, S ; Park, J ; Pereira, A ; Norheim, O. F ; Eagan, A. W ; Cahill, L. E ; Sheikh, A ; Abushouk, A. I ; Kraemer, M. U. G ; Thakur, B ; Bärnighausen, T. W ; Shrime, M. G ; Abedi, A ; Doshi, C. P ; Abegaz, K. H ; Geberemariyam, B. S ; Aynalem, Y. A ; Shiferaw, W. S ; Abosetugn, A. E ; Aboyans, V ; Abrams, E. M ; Gitimoghaddam, M ; Kissoon, N ; Stubbs, J. L ; Brauer, M ; Iyamu, I. O ; Kopec, J. A ; Pourmalek, F ; Ribeiro, A. P ; Malta, D. C ; Gomez, R. S ; Abreu, L. G ; Abrigo, M. R. M ; Almulhim, A. M ; Dahlawi, S. M. A ; Pottoo, F. H ; Menezes, R. G ; Alanzi, T. M ; Alumran, A. K ; Abu Haimed, A. K ; Madadin, M ; Alanezi, F. M ; Abu Gharbieh, E ; Saddik, B ; Abu Raddad, L. J ; Samy, A. M ; El Nahas, N ; Shalash, A. S ; Nabhan, A. F ; Kamath, A. M ; Kassebaum, N. J ; Aravkin, A. Y ; Kochhar, S ; Sorensen, R. J. D ; Afshin, A ; Burkart, K ; Cromwell, E. A ; Dandona, L ; Dharmaratne, S. D ; Gakidou, E ; Hay, S. I ; Kyu, H. H ; Lopez, A. D ; Lozano, R ; Misganaw, A. T ; Mokdad, A. H ; Naghavi, M ; Pigott, D. M ; Reiner Jr, R. C ; Roth, G. A ; Stanaway, J. D ; Vollset, S ; Vos, T ; Wang, H ; Lim, S. S ; Murray, C. J. L ; Kalani, R ; Ikuta, K. S ; Cho, D. Y ; Kneib, C. J ; Crowe, C. S ; Massenburg, B. B ; Morrison, S. D ; Acebedo, A ; Adelson, J. D ; Agesa, K. M ; Alam, T ; Albertson, S. B ; Anderson, J. A ; Antony, C. M ; Ashbaugh, C ; Assmus, M ; Azhar, G ; Balassyano, S ; Bannick, M. S ; Barthelemy, C. M ; Bender, R. G ; Bennitt, F. B ; Bertolacci, G. J ; Biehl, M. H ; Bisignano, C ; Boon Dooley, A. S ; Briant, P. S ; Bryazka, D ; Bumgarner, B. R ; Callender, C. S ; Cao, J ; Castle, C. D ; Castro, E ; Causey, K ; Cercy, K. M ; Chalek, J ; Charlson, F. J ; Cohen, A. J ; Comfort, H ; Compton, K ; Croneberger, A. J ; Cruz, J. A ; Cunningham, M ; Dandona, R ; Dangel, W. J ; Dean, F. E ; DeCleene, N. K ; Deen, A ; Degenhardt, L ; Dingels, Z. V ; Dippenaar, I. N ; Dirac, M. A ; Dolgert, A. J ; Emmons Bell, S ; Estep, K ; Farag, T ; Feigin, V. L ; Feldman, R ; Ferrara, G ; Ferrari, A. J ; Fitzgerald, R ; Force, L. M ; Fox, J. T ; Frank, T. D ; Fu, W ; Fukutaki, K ; Fuller, J. E ; Fullman, N ; Galles, N. C ; Gardner, W. M ; Gershberg Hayoon, A ; Goren, E ; Gorman, T. M ; Gottlich, H. C ; Guo, G ; Haddock, B ; Hagins, H ; Haile, L. M ; Hamilton, E. B ; Han, C ; Han, H ; Harvey, J. D ; Henny, K ; Henrikson, H. J ; Henry, N. J ; Herbert, M. E ; Hsiao, T ; Huynh, C. K ; Iannucci, V. C ; Ippolito, H ; Irvine, C. M. S ; Jafari, H ; Jahagirdar, D ; James, S. L ; Johnson, C. O ; Johnson, S. C ; Keller, C ; Kemmer, L ; Kendrick, P. J ; Knight, M ; Kocarnik, J. M ; Krohn, K. J ; Larson, S. L ; Lau, K. M ; Ledesma, J. R ; Leever, A. T ; LeGrand, K. E ; Lescinsky, H ; Lin, C ; Liu, H ; Liu, Z ; Lo, J ; Lu, A ; Ma, J ; Maddison, E. R ; Manguerra, H ; Marks, A ; Martopullo, I ; Mastrogiacomo, C. I ; May, E. A ; Mooney, M. D ; Mosser, J. F ; Mullany, E. C ; Mumford, J ; Munro, S. B ; Nandakumar, V ; Nguyen, J ; Nguyen, M ; Nichols, E ; Nixon, M. R ; Odell, C. M ; Ong, K. L ; Orji, A. U ; Ostroff, S. M ; Pasovic, M ; Paulson, K. R ; Pease, S. A ; Pennini, A ; Pierce, M ; Pilz, T. M ; Pletcher, M ; Rao, P. C ; Razo, C ; Redford, S. B ; Reinig, N ; Reitsma, M. B ; Rhinehart, P ; Robalik, T ; Roberts, S ; Roberts, N. L. S ; Rolfe, S ; Sbarra, A. N ; Schaeffer, L. E ; Shackelford, K. A ; Shadid, J ; Sharara, F ; Shaw, D. H ; Sheena, B. S ; Simpson, K. E ; Smith, A ; Spencer, C. N ; Spurlock, E.E ; Stark, B. A ; Steiner, C ; Steuben, K. M ; Sylte, D. O ; Tang, M ; Taylor, H. J ; Terrason, S ; Thomson, A. M ; Torre, A. E ; Travillian, R ; Troeger, C. E ; Vongpradith, A ; Walters, M. K ; Wang, J ; Watson, A ; Watson, S ; Whisnant, J. L ; Whiteford, H. A ; Wiens, K. E ; Wilner, L. B ; Wilson, S ; Wool, E. E ; Wozniak, S. S ; Wu, J ; Wulf Hanson, S ; Wunrow, H ; Xu, R ; Sharif University of Technology
    Lancet Publishing Group  2020
    Abstract
    Background: Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and attributable burden of disease. Methods: GBD 2019 estimated attributable mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 87 risk factors and combinations of risk factors, at... 

    Five insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

    , Article The Lancet ; Volume 396, Issue 10258 , 2020 , Pages 1135-1159 Abbafati, C ; Machado, D. B ; Cislaghi, B ; Salman, O. M ; Karanikolos, M ; McKee, M ; Abbas, K. M ; Brady, O. J ; Larson, H. J ; Trias-Llimós, S ; Cummins, S ; Langan, S.M ; Sartorius, B ; Hafiz, A ; Jenabi, E ; Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N ; Borzouei, S ; Azarian, G ; Khazaei, S ; Abbasi, M ; Asghari, B ; Masoumi, S ; Komaki, H ; Taherkhani, A ; Adabi, M ; Abbasifard, M ; Bazmandegan, G ; Kamiab, Z ; Vakilian, A ; Anjomshoa, M ; Mokari, A ; Sabour, S ; Shahbaz, M ; Saeedi, R ; Ahmadieh, H ; Yousefinezhadi, T ; Haj-Mirzaian, A ; Nikbakhsh, R ; Safi, S ; Asgari, S ; Irvani, S.N ; Jahanmehr, N ; Ramezanzadeh, K ; Abbasi-Kangevari, M ; Khayamzadeh, M ; Abbastabar, H ; Shirkoohi, R ; Fazlzadeh, M ; Janjani, H ; Hosseini, M ; Mansournia, M ; Tohidinik, H ; Bakhtiari, A ; Fazaeli, A ; Mousavi, S ; Hasanzadeh, A ; Nabavizadeh, B ; Malekzadeh, R ; Hashemian, M ; Pourshams, A ; Salimzadeh, H ; Sepanlou, S. G ; Afarideh, M ; Esteghamati, A ; Esteghamati, S ; Ghajar, A ; Heidari, B ; Rezaei, N ; Mohamadi, E ; Rahimi-Movaghar, A ; Rahim, F ; Eskandarieh, S ; Sahraian, M ; Mohebi, F ; Aminorroaya, A ; Ebrahimi, H ; Farzadfar, F ; Mohajer, B ; Pishgar, F ; Saeedi Moghaddam, S ; Shabani, M ; Zarafshan, H ; Abolhassani, H ; Hafezi Nejad, N ; Heidari Soureshjani, R ; Abdollahi, M ; Farahmand, M ; Salamati, P ; Mehrabi Nasab, E ; Tajdini, M ; Aghamir, S ; Mirzaei, R ; Dibaji Forooshani, Z ; Khater, M. M ; Abd-Allah, F ; Abdelalim, A ; Abualhasan, A ; El-Jaafary, S. I ; Hassan, A ; Elsharkawy, A ; Khater, A. M ; Elhabashy, H. R ; Salem, M. R. R ; Salem, H ; Sadeghi, M ; Jafarinia, M ; Amini-Rarani, M ; Mohammadifard, N ; Sarrafzadegan, N ; Abdollahpour, I ; Sarveazad, A ; Tehrani Banihashemi, A ; Yoosefi Lebni, J ; Manafi, N ; Pazoki Toroudi, H ; Dorostkar, F ; Alipour, V ; Sheikhtaheri, A ; Arabloo, J ; Azari, S ; Ghashghaee, A ; Rezapour, A ; Naserbakht, M ; Kabir, A ; Mehri, F ; Yousefifard, M ; Asadi Aliabadi, M ; Babaee, E ; Eshrati, B ; Goharinezhad, S ; Moradi Lakeh, M ; Abedi, P ; Rashedi, V ; Kumar, V ; Elgendy, I. Y ; Basu, S ; Park, J ; Pereira, A ; Norheim, O. F ; Eagan, A. W ; Cahill, L. E ; Sheikh, A ; Abushouk, A. I ; Kraemer, M. U. G ; Thakur, B ; Bärnighausen, T. W ; Shrime, M. G ; Abedi, A ; Doshi, C. P ; Abegaz, K. H ; Geberemariyam, B. S ; Aynalem, Y. A ; Shiferaw, W. S ; Abosetugn, A. E ; Aboyans, V ; Abrams, E. M ; Gitimoghaddam, M ; Kissoon, N ; Stubbs, J. L ; Brauer, M ; Iyamu, I. O ; Kopec, J. A ; Pourmalek, F ; Ribeiro, A. P ; Malta, D. C ; Gomez, R. S ; Abreu, L. G ; Abrigo, M. R. M ; Almulhim, A. M ; Dahlawi, S. M. A ; Pottoo, F. H ; Menezes, R. G ; Alanzi, T. M ; Alumran, A. K ; Abu Haimed, A. K ; Madadin, M ; Alanezi, F. M ; Abu-Gharbieh, E ; Saddik, B ; Abu Raddad, L. J ; Samy, A. M ; El Nahas, N ; Shalash, A. S ; Nabhan, A. F ; Kamath, A. M ; Kassebaum, N. J ; Aravkin, A. Y ; Kochhar, S ; Sorensen, R. J. D ; Afshin, A ; Burkart, K ; Cromwell, E. A ; Dandona, L ; Dharmaratne, S. D ; Gakidou, E ; Hay, S. I ; Kyu, H. H ; Lopez, A. D ; Lozano, R ; Misganaw, A. T ; Mokdad, A. H ; Naghavi, M ; Pigott, D. M ; Reiner Jr, R. C ; Roth, G. A ; Stanaway, J. D ; Vollset, S ; Vos, T ; Wang, H ; Lim, S. S ; Murray, C. J. L ; Kalani, R ; Ikuta, K. S ; Cho, D. Y ; Kneib, C. J ; Crowe, C. S ; Massenburg, B. B ; Morrison, S. D ; Acebedo, A ; Adelson, J. D ; Agesa, K. M ; Alam, T ; Albertson, S. B ; Anderson, J. A ; Antony, C. M ; Ashbaugh, C ; Assmus, M ; Azhar, G ; Balassyano, S ; Bannick, M. S ; Barthelemy, C. M ; Bender, R. G ; Bennitt, F. B ; Bertolacci, G. J ; Biehl, M. H ; Bisignano, C ; Boon Dooley, A. S ; Briant, P. S ; Bryazka, D ; Bumgarner, B. R ; Callender, C. S ; Cao, J ; Castle, C. D ; Castro, E ; Causey, K ; Cercy, K. M ; Chalek, J ; Charlson, F. J ; Cohen, A. J ; Comfort, H ; Compton, K ; Croneberger, A. J ; Cruz, J. A ; Cunningham, M ; Dandona, R ; Dangel, W. J ; Dean, F. E ; DeCleene, N. K ; Deen, A ; Degenhardt, L ; Dingels, Z. V ; Dippenaar, I. N ; Dirac, M. A ; Dolgert, A. J ; Emmons Bell, S ; Estep, K ; Farag, T ; Feigin, V. L ; Feldman, R ; Ferrara, G ; Ferrari, A. J ; Fitzgerald, R ; Force, L. M ; Fox, J. T ; Frank, T. D ; Fu, W ; Fukutaki, K ; Fuller, J. E ; Fullman, N ; Galles, N. C ; Gardner, W. M ; Gershberg Hayoon, A ; Goren, E ; Gorman, T. M ; Gottlich, H. C ; Guo, G ; Haddock, B ; Hagins, H ; Haile, L. M ; Hamilton, E. B ; Han, C ; Han, H ; Harvey, J. D ; Henny, K ; Henrikson, H. J ; Henry, N. J ; Herbert, M. E ; Hsiao, T ; Huynh, C. K ; Iannucci, V. C ; Ippolito, H ; Irvine, C. M. S ; Jafari, H ; Jahagirdar, D ; James, S. L ; Johnson, C. O ; Johnson, S.C ; Keller, C ; Kemmer, L ; Kendrick, P. J ; Knight, M ; Kocarnik, J. M ; Krohn, K. J ; Larson, S. L ; Lau, K. M ; Ledesma, J. R ; Leever, A. T ; LeGrand, K. E ; Lescinsky, H ; Lin, C ; Liu, H ; Liu, Z ; Lo, J ; Lu, A ; Ma, J ; Maddison, E. R ; Manguerra, H ; Marks, A ; Martopullo, I ; Mastrogiacomo, C. I ; May, E. A ; Mooney, M. D ; Mosser, J. F ; Mullany, E. C ; Mumford, J ; Munro, S. B ; Nandakumar, V ; Nguyen, J ; Nguyen, M ; Nichols, E ; Nixon, M. R ; Odell, C. M ; Ong, K. L ; Orji, A. U ; Ostroff, S. M ; Pasovic, M ; Paulson, K. R ; Pease, S. A ; Pennini, A ; Pierce, M ; Pilz, T. M ; Pletcher, M ; Rao, P. C ; Razo, C ; Redford, S. B ; Reinig, N ; Reitsma, M. B ; Rhinehart, P ; Robalik, T ; Roberts, S ; Roberts, N. L. S ; Rolfe, S ; Sbarra, A. N ; Schaeffer, L. E ; Shackelford, K. A ; Shadid, J ; Sharara, F ; Shaw, D. H ; Sheena, B. S ; Simpson, K. E ; Smith, A ; Spencer, C. N ; Spurlock, E. E ; Stark, B. A ; Steiner, C ; Steuben, K. M ; Sylte, D. O ; Tang, M ; Taylor, H. J ; Terrason, S ; Thomson, A. M ; Torre, A. E ; Travillian, R ; Troeger, C. E ; Vongpradith, A ; Walters, M. K ; Wang, J ; Watson, A ; Watson, S ; Whisnant, J. L ; Whiteford, H. A ; Wiens, K. E ; Wilner, L. B ; Wilson, S ; Wool, E. E ; Wozniak, S. S ; Wu, J ; Wulf Hanson, S ; Wunrow, H ; Xu, R ; Sharif University of Technology
    Lancet Publishing Group  2020
    Abstract
    The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a rules-based synthesis of the available evidence on levels and trends in health outcomes, a diverse set of risk factors, and health system responses. GBD 2019 covered 204 countries and territories, as well as first administrative level disaggregations for 22 countries, from 1990 to 2019. Because GBD is highly standardised and comprehensive, spanning both fatal and non-fatal outcomes, and uses a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of hierarchical disease and injury causes, the study provides a powerful basis for detailed and broad insights on global health trends and emerging challenges. GBD...