Sharif Digital Repository

Most of the studies related to the modeling of masonry structures have by far investigated either the in-plane (IP) or the out-of-plane (OP) behavior of walls. However, seismic loads mostly impose simultaneous IP and OP demands on load-bearing or shear masonry walls. Thus, there is a need to reconsider design equations of unreinforced masonry walls by taking into account bidirectional effects. The intent of this study is to investigate the bidirectional behavior of an unreinforced masonry wall with a typical aspect ratio under different displacement-controlled loading directions making use of finite element analysis. For this purpose, the numerical procedure is first validated against the...