Sharif Digital Repository

Quantum mechanics, in the first place, investigates systems by introducing some principals about Hilbert space, Schrodinger equation etc. which are recognized as closed quantum systems. In principal, this is not possible to separate a system from its surrounding environment. Thus, the implications of the environment on the evolution of the system must be taken into consideration. As a matter of fact, all systems are considered open in a sense that, it is interacting with another system called the environment. In such circumstances, we tend to represent a description of open quantum systems in a way that following the evolution of the total system, i.e. system and the environment, is not...