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Iran has been experiencing slow growth for the past ten years. Using plant-level information, we show that on average firm-specific productivity in manufacturing sectors declined at the rate of 2.6 percent annually, while large top decile firms experienced a modest growth in productivity between 2005 and 2011. We decompose this trend and find that within-plant variation is its main driving force while the between firms and industries component is insignificant. We test several alternative explanations that may contribute to these negative trends. We show that the subsidy reform had a negative effect, while privatization seems to have had no effect. Private management not affected on... 

Work carried out in Iran seems to indicate that nanostructured materials may hold a key to fuel storage in a future hydrogen economy.... © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved  

A simple, rapid, atom economy and highly efficient procedure has been developed for thiolysis of epoxides by aromatic and aliphatic thiols under solvent-free conditions. A high regioselectivity in favor of nucleophilic attack at the benzylic carbon atom of aromatic epoxides, such as styrene oxide, is observed. However, aliphatic unsymmetrical alkenyl oxides undergo selective nucleophilic attack at the sterically less hindered carbon atom. A variety of β-hydroxy sulfides were obtained in short reaction time and excellent yields with nearly complete regioselectivity  

Literature on the informal economy can mainly be divided into two different contrasting theories. According to the dual labor market theory (DLM), which considers the informal economy as a spare sector providing jobs for formally unemployed resources, unpleasant economic situations force people to act informally. Legalists, on the other hand, blame government interventions such as minimum wages or price control policies for pushing rent-seeking firms toward the shadows. This study using an Error-correction Multi-Indicators Multi-Causes (EMIMIC) model, a systematic method consisting of structural and measurement equations, shows that these two theories are complementary rather than... 

To what extent can a short-term decline in the output of a small open economy be explained by trade barriers? To answer this, we extend the Business Cycle Accounting method of Chari et al. (2007) to a small open economy model. We include an additional time-varying wedge to model financial trade frictions caused by barriers on imports. International sanctions on Iran provide an empirical opportunity to apply this method to data on Iran's recession in 2012-13. The results indicate that efficiency and investment wedges account for most of the fluctuations in aggregate variables during the sanctions, and trade barriers had little contemporaneous explanatory power. The effect of oil boycotts... 

To what extent can a short-term decline in the output of a small open economy be explained by trade barriers? To answer this, we extend the Business Cycle Accounting method of Chari et al. (2007) to a small open economy model. We include an additional time-varying wedge to model financial trade frictions caused by barriers on imports. International sanctions on Iran provide an empirical opportunity to apply this method to data on Iran's recession in 2012-13. The results indicate that efficiency and investment wedges account for most of the fluctuations in aggregate variables during the sanctions, and trade barriers had little contemporaneous explanatory power. The effect of oil boycotts... 

A simple, rapid, atom economy and highly efficient green protocol has been developed for the reactions of indole with carbonyl compounds under solvent- free conditions. The attractive features of these procedures are the mild reaction conditions, high conversions, cleaner reaction profiles, inexpensive and environmentally friendly lithium perchlorate and short reaction times. © 2006 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd  

With the outbreak of the coronavirus in countries around the world, governments have decided to impose restrictions and social distancing. Closures of businesses, and hence changes in supply and demand patterns during this period, have deepened concerns among policy makers. In this article, we investigate the change in primary energy consumption in the 20 European countries that have the highest GDP. To this end, 10 different shock scenarios and its limitations are considered. By implementing these shocks into input-output modelling, changes in primary energy consumption are calculated. The results show that according to the best scenario (rapid and complete economy restoration), Russia with... 

Heteropoly acid was found to be an effective and efficient catalyst for the ring opening reaction of epoxides with various aromatic amines to produce the corresponding β-amino alcohols in moderate to excellent yields in water. This method provides a new and efficient protocol in terms of mild reaction conditions, clean reaction profiles, small quantity of catalyst, and simple work-up procedure  

This study aims to identify underlying fundamental factors behind high-tech exports by the established and emerging countries, separately. The author also examines whether the two export patterns converge over time. Based on the gravity approach, a generalized method of moments panel estimator is applied to rigorously address the endogeneity problem in both static and dynamic versions of the model. In addition, the nonstationary and cointegrating features of variables are discussed. The author finds that high-tech exports from the emerging countries are mainly based on foreign direct investment inflows and participation in the international production chain, as well as a high degree of... 

Environmental restrictions, new transportation fuel specifications, and increased processing of heavier more-sour curds are leading substantial increases in refinery hydrogen consumption for hydrodesulfurisation, aromatic and olefin saturation and improvement of product quality and reduces in refinery hydrogen production from catalytic reformers as a by-product. Therefore above factors make hydrogen management, a critical issue. Generating, recovering and purchasing of hydrogen have significant impact on refinery operating costs. More importantly, overall refinery operations, may be constrained by the availability of hydrogen. Primary consideration, however, should be given to the recovery... 

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore the process and competitive factors of entrepreneurship in digital space in Iran. Design/methodology/approach: In the last decades, the development and advancement of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and the business innovations related to them have defined a new economy which is known as "digital economy". Establishing and running businesses in this digital space means carrying out a kind of electronic commerce by exploiting the internet and other electronic networks. The new digital economy provides exceptional opportunities for many entrepreneurs to create new ventures in different business areas according to electronic... 

Many Middle-East countries, like Iran, have dynamic banking industries and have observed merger and acquisitions (M&A) waves. M&A waves are usually defined in the developed world context and some of their main drivers were identified as: market timing, environment's shocks, merger manias, government regulation and regulatory, and technological changes. It has been discussed that merger waves and their reasons are among the ten most important unsolved mysteries in the field of finance (Brealey and Myers, 1991, p. 923), and as a result of this, it was not possible to completely clarify the reasons behind emerging M&A waves, especially in developing countries; for this reason in these... 

Many cities are struggling to keep pace with limited budgets and rapid growth. Economic development models involving public-private partnerships (P3s) can help drive economic revitalization. The choice of partners plays a vital role in the success or failure of sustainable P3 initiatives. In this study, we propose a novel integrated sustainable private partner selection framework in P3s. The proposed model is composed of the best-worst method (BWM), the weighted influence non-linear gauge system (WINGS), and the technique of order preference similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS). The BWM is used to identify the importance weights of the economic, environmental, social, and technological... 

The sharing economy, defined by peer-to-peer interactions through a platform, has been gaining ground in recent years. In this study, we discuss the relative importance of customers' perceived motives to participate in the two most common models of the sharing economy: access-based consumption and ownership-transfer. We focus on taxi-hailing and post-delivery as examples of access-based consumption and second-hand trade as an example of the ownership-transfer. While these two contain heterogeneous business model patterns that can motivate customers differently, common motives are significant in both models. We study common motives and motives aligned with the business model patterns, which...