Sharif Digital Repository

Studying near-horizon space-time for Reissner-Nordstrom black hole when taking extremal limit, we see how the region between the inner and outer event horizons appears as a part of , while it seems to shrink when looking into the geometry of a bit far from each of two horizons. By a careful investigation of radial geodesics in this limit, it is shown that specific families of observers starting their motion form anywhere so close to outer horizon, always pass this region in a constant proper time; however, observers coming from somewhere, further, pass it in as extremely short time as it sounds this region is hardly tangible  

When we consider Klein-Gordon and Maxwell perturbation fields on the constant gravitational background, the Einstein-Maxwell equations solution will lead to Reissner-Nordstrom black hole which has decreasing mass because of Hawking radiation of bosons from its outer horizon; by reaching this balck hole to extremal case the evaporation will be stoped. The evaporation time is infinite. But String theory equations solution in General Relativity approximation shows that [11] if a Dilaton field ϕ has a exp⁡(-αϕ) coupling with electromagnetic field, the rate of reaching to extremal case will depend on α. We show that by increasing α from 0 to 1, the evaporation time will be initially infinite... 

For a Banach space E and a compact metric space (X, d), a function F : X → E is a Lipschitz function if there exists k > 0 such that ∥F (x) − F (y)∥ ≤ kd(x, y) for all x, y ∈ X.The smallest such k is called the Lipschitz constant L(F ) for F . The space Lip(X, E) of all Lipschitz functions from X to E is a Banach space under the norm defined by ∥F ∥ = max{L(F ), ∥F ∥∞}, where ∥F ∥∞ = sup{∥F (x)∥ : x ∈ X}.Recent results characterizing isometries on these vector-valued Lipschitz spaces require the Banach space E to be strictly convex. We inves- tigate the nature of the extreme points of the dual ball for Lip(X, E) and use the information to describe the surjective isometries on Lip(X, E) under... 

To date various commercial systems were used in the gait analysis area. These systems have some difficulties for clinical use, such as being indwell, making trouble in movement and high prices. The Kinect sensor does not have problems of these systems. If the error of sensor is acceptable, Kinect sensor is a suitable choice for application in clinics. The possibility of utilization of the Kinect sensor as a gait analysis system has been studied in this research. The sensor errors in calculation of gait parameters for lower limb joints angle were computed. In previous researches the Kinect sensor error has been calculated for upper limb joints angle and the subject was standing motionless in... 

Heat waves and cold waves are among the most important extreme weather events, which could directly affect human health. The heat wave and cold wave are defined as a period of consecutive days (usually at least 3 days) when hot or cold air persists over a region. However, there is no universal definition of these two phenomena in different scientific references, and the available definitions differ depending on the type of temperature index, the minimum required duration, and the defined threshold temperature. This research aims to examine the main indices of heat waves and cold waves and analyze them in 6 major cities: Tehran, London, Madrid, New York, Shanghai, and Vancouver which have... 

We propose a model for friction between two rough surfaces based on extreme value statistics (EVS). Different models for single-asperity contact, including adhesive and elasto-plastic contacts, were combined with EVS. The Hertzian model for contacts and Gumbel distribution for summit heights show the closest conformity with Amonton’s law. The range over which Gumbel distribution mimics Amonton’s law is wider than that of the Greenwood–Williamson (GW) model. In comparison with other EVS distribution, Gumbel distribution seems the proper choice for summit‘ s height. Interestingly, here again, elasto-plastic contact and Gumbel distribution for summits achieve the best conformity with Amontons... 

We study a speci?c class of black holes which are called extremal. By de?ning extremality asdouble-horizon condition and imposing ?niteness assumption, we show that the dynamics of ?eldsat the horizon decouples from the rest of space. This decoupling occurs by vanishing all radialderivatives. We show this decoupling for the extremal black holes in the theories of gravity correctedby f(R)terms.We also show that these two above conditions leads to AdS × S1 near horizon geometry2of rotating black holes. This geometry which preserve SO(2, 1) × U(1) isometry group, is recentlyused in improving the entropy function method. Finally we show that decoupled equations of horizon can be derived from a...