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Spray characteristics and atomization behavior of bio-diesel (Norouzak) and diesel fuel blends
, Article Particulate Science and Technology ; Volume 36, Issue 3 , 2018 , Pages 270-281 ; 02726351 (ISSN) ; Jafari, M ; Ahari, M ; Saidi, M. H ; Hajinezhad, A ; Mozaffari, A. A ; Sharif University of Technology
Taylor and Francis Inc
2018
Abstract
Norouzak oil seeds that are the source of bio-diesel (Norouzak) fuel grow mostly in Gonabad and Kashmar located in Khorasan, north east of Iran. Spray characteristics of Norouzak bio-diesel have been experimentally and theoretically studied in this work. Norouzak fuel is added to the conventional diesel fuel, and mixture formations of several blends have been investigated and compared with each other. Moreover, by varying ambient and injection conditions, behaviors of spray of different blends have been explored. Microscopic and macroscopic properties of spray such as Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD), Ohnesorge number, spray tip penetration, spray cone angle, spray projected area and volume have...
Challenges and future prospects for the delivery of biologics: oral mucosal, pulmonary, and transdermal routes
, Article AAPS Journal ; Volume 19, Issue 3 , 2017 , Pages 652-668 ; 15507416 (ISSN) ; Fathe, K. R ; Brunaugh, A ; Ferrati, S ; Li, S ; Montenegro Nicolini, M ; Mousavikhamene, Z ; McConville, J. T ; Prausnitz, M. R ; Smyth, H. D. C ; Sharif University of Technology
Springer New York LLC
2017
Abstract
Biologic products are large molecules such as proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, etc., which have already produced many new drugs for clinical use in the last decades. Due to the inherent challenges faced by biologics after oral administration (e.g., acidic stomach pH, digestive enzymes, and limited permeation through the gastrointestinal tract), several alternative routes of administration have been investigated to enable sufficient drug absorption into systemic circulation. This review describes the buccal, sublingual, pulmonary, and transdermal routes of administration for biologics with relevant details of the respective barriers. While all these routes avoid transit through the...