Sharif Digital Repository

In this article, we propose a three-dimensional model of a low-Reynolds-number swimmer that consists of three small spheres connected to a larger sphere via three perpendicular adjustable rods which enable the micro robot to swim along arbitrary trajectories. Then we focus on dynamic modelling of the swimmer and propose a control method to control the position of the micro swimmer in a low Reynolds number flow. The control aim intended in this article is that the middle sphere to follow a desired trajectory and respective simulation results from control indicates successful accomplishment in application. © 2018 IEEE  

A heat transfer rate was determined for polypropylene tubes in solar water heaters for the Reynolds number range 800-5600. Experiments were conducted in ambient temperatures of 34 to 37°C. Data were correlated in the form of Nusselt numbers as: Nu=0.0015 Re0.75 Pr1/3 with correlation coefficient of 0.95. Such data can be used to predict heat transfer rates in a polypropylene solar heater in Tehran where the experiments were performed. An application of the results is shown in an example. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved  

This work deals with the popular topic of extending incompressible numerical formulations to the compressible or variable density regime. Based on an analogy between the incompressible and compressible governing equations, a general strategy is suitably developed to facilitate the compressible flow solution through using incompressible algorithms. It is shown that the implementation of the extended strategy to an arbitrarily incompressible algorithm requires two minor modifications in the original algorithm. In fact, two on/off switches suffice to implement the two required modifications. Switch one includes the compressible source terms to the momentum governing equations. Switch two... 

In this study, we introduce a novel three-dimensional micro-scale robot capable of swimming in low Reynolds number. The proposed robot consists of three rotating disks linked via three perpendicular adjustable rods, actuated by three rotary and three linear motors, respectively. The robot mechanism has an important property which makes it superior to the previously designed micro swimmers. In fact, our goal is designing a micro swimmer which its controllability matrix has full rank and hence it will be capable to perform any desired maneuver in space. After introducing the mechanism and derivation of the dynamical equations of motion, we propose a control method to steer the robot to the... 

Transitional boundary layer over a pitching airfoil at low Reynolds number (Re = 2:7 × 105) is experimentally investigated using space-frequency and time-frequency analyses of hot- film signals. Boundary layer events are visualized based on the space-frequency and time-frequency plots. The precursor phenomenon for turbulent and fully separated flows is presented based on the time-frequency analysis. A new technique based on time-frequency analysis of hot- film signals is introduced to measure the transition onset and relaminarization locations. This technique functions based on the analysis of high-frequency disturbances of the measured data. Significant attention has been drawn to the... 

We design and simulate the motion of a swimmer, the Quadroar, with three-dimensional translation and reorientation capabilities in low-Reynolds-number conditions. The Quadroar is composed of an I-shaped frame whose body link is a simple linear actuator and four disks that can rotate about the axes of flange links. The time symmetry is broken by a combination of disk rotations and the one-dimensional expansion or contraction of the body link. The Quadroar propels on forward and transverse straight lines and performs full three-dimensional reorientation maneuvers, which enable it to swim along arbitrary trajectories. We find continuous operation modes that propel the swimmer on planar and... 

To generalize simple bead-linker model of swimmers to higher dimensions and to demonstrate the chemotaxis ability of such swimmers, here we introduce a low-Reynolds predator, using a two-dimensional triangular bead-spring model. Two-state linkers as mechanochemical enzymes expand as a result of interaction with particular activator substances in the environment, causing the whole body to translate and rotate. The concentration of the chemical stimulator controls expansion versus the contraction rate of each arm and so affects the ability of the body for diffusive movements; also the variation of activator substance's concentration in the environment breaks the symmetry of linkers' preferred... 

Efficient mixing, typically characterised by chaotic advection, is hard to achieve in low Reynolds number conditions because of the linear nature of the Stokes equation that governs the motion. Here we show that low Reynolds number swimmers moving in quasi-periodic orbits can result in considerable stretching and folding of fluid elements. We accurately follow packets of tracers within the fluid domain and show that their trajectories become chaotic as the swimmer's trajectory densely fills its invariant torus. The mixing process is demonstrated in two dimensions using the Quadroar swimmer that autonomously propels and tumbles along quasi-periodic orbits with multi-loop turning trajectories.... 

We show that in a microfluidic network with low Reynolds numbers, a system can be irreversible due to hysteresis effects. We simulated a network of pipes that was used in a recent experiment. The network consists of one loop connected to input and output pipes. A train of droplets enters the system at a uniform rate, but the droplets may leave the system in a periodic or even a chaotic pattern. The output pattern depends on the time interval between incoming droplets as well as the network geometry. For some parameters, the system is not reversible  

An experimental test bed based on single particle tracking techniques is employed in order to investigate the velocity domain, slip velocity, and settling distribution of micro-particles in low-Reynolds number poiseuille flow in converging–diverging microchannel. Three-dimensional velocity domain of particles are studied in the presence of walls and compared with the particle-free fluid. The results show that the velocity of particles moving near the side walls of microchannel decreases about 30 % compared to those moving at the centerline. Furthermore, the effects of converging–diverging geometry on sedimentation of micro-particles are considered. The results show an average decrease of... 

An experimental test bed based on single particle tracking techniques is employed in order to investigate the velocity domain, slip velocity, and settling distribution of micro-particles in low-Reynolds number poiseuille flow in converging–diverging microchannel. Three-dimensional velocity domain of particles are studied in the presence of walls and compared with the particle-free fluid. The results show that the velocity of particles moving near the side walls of microchannel decreases about 30 % compared to those moving at the centerline. Furthermore, the effects of converging–diverging geometry on sedimentation of micro-particles are considered. The results show an average decrease of... 

Film cooling of surfaces appears in many applications. For instance, it is one of the most effective methods to improve the efficiency of gas turbines. As a fundamental study, two different types of film cooling (slot and discrete holes injections) are numerically simulated here. A flat surface is used to model a small portion of a gas turbine blade. Incompressible, stationary, viscous, turbulent flow is assumed using the STAR-CD software with the standard k-ε model and a cell-centered finite volume method on a nonuniform structured grid. The jet flow Reynolds number, based on the jet's hydraulic diameter, is 4.7 × 103. The study of the injection angle and the velocity ratio shows that the... 

We have introduced a new low-Reynolds-number microrobot with high 3D maneuverability. Our novel proposed microrobot has a higher rank of the controllability matrix with respect to the previous microswimmers which makes it capable of performing complex motions in space. In this study, governing equations of the microswimmer's motion have been derived and simulated. Subsequently, we have proposed a cascade optimal control technique to control the swimmer trajectory. In the proposed control scheme, the actuation is provided in a way that an exponential stability on the system trajectory error as well as minimum fluctuations of control signals are achieved. © The Author(s), 2021. Published by... 

In this paper, cavity flow is simulated numerically. Forced convection in different Reynolds numbers between 100 and 5000 is simulated. Different and complex thermal boundary conditions are applied and various parameters are calculated numerically. Up and down walls are in constant temperature and left and right walls are thermal insulation in the first thermal boundary condition. The Left and the down walls are in constant temperature and the temperature of the up and the right walls changes linearly in the second thermal boundary condition. For the third thermal boundary condition, the left and the down walls are in constant temperature and the temperature of the up and the right walls... 

In this paper, cavity flow is simulated numerically. Forced convection in different Reynolds numbers between 100 and 5000 is simulated. Different and complex thermal boundary conditions are applied and various parameters are calculated numerically. Up and down walls are in constant temperature and left and right walls are thermal insulation in the first thermal boundary condition. The Left and the down walls are in constant temperature and the temperature of the up and the right walls changes linearly in the second thermal boundary condition. For the third thermal boundary condition, the left and the down walls are in constant temperature and the temperature of the up and the right walls... 

In this article a v2f model is employed to conduct a series of computations of incompressible flow in a periodic array of square cylinders simulating a porous media. Galerkin/Least-Squares finite element formulation employing equal order velocity-pressure elements is used to discretize the governing equations. The Reynolds number is varied from 1000 to 50,000 and different values of porosities are considered in the calculations. Results are compared with the available data in the literature. v2f model exhibits superior accuracy with respect to k - ε results and is closer to LES calculations. The macroscopic pressure gradients for all porosities studied, showed a good agreement with... 

Density current is a dense fluid, which is continuously released from a source and spreads down a sloping surface inside a lighter, motionless fluid. A low-Reynolds number k-ε model (Launder and Sharma, 1974) has been used to simulate the behavior of 3-D density currents. Density current with a uniform velocity and concentration enters the channel via a sluice gate into a lighter ambient fluid and moves forward down-slope. The model has been verified with the experimental data sets. Although the k-ε Launder and Sharma model is applied here to a conservative density current, it seems the analysis is valid in general for turbidity current laden with fine particles. Copyright © 2006 by ASME  

In present paper the theory of the micropolar fluid based on a Cosserat continuum model has been applied for analysis of Couette flow. The obtained results for the velocity field have been compared with known results from experiments done by Reichardt at Max Plank institute for fluids in Gottingen [1,2] and analytical solution of the problem from Gradient theory by alizadeh[3].the boundary condition used here was the no slip one and Trostel's slip boundary condition[4].a good agreement between experimental results and the results of the problem for Reynolds near 18000 has beeen found. A new dimensionless number introduced that indicates the theoretical relation between cosserat theory and... 

Dense underflows are continuous currents, which move down the slope due to the fact that, their density are heavier than ambient water. In turbidity currents the density differences arises from suspended solids. Vicinity of the wall make density currents and wall jets similar in some sense but Variation of density cause this flows more complex than wall jets. An improved form of 'near-wall' k-ε turbulence model is chosen which preserve all characteristics of both density and wall jet currents and a compression is made between them. Then the outcomes from low Reynolds number k-ε model is compared with v2̄-f model which show similarity. Also results show good agreement with experimental data... 

A general regression neural network technique is applied for design optimization of liquid-liquid coaxial swirl injectors. Phase Doppler Anemometry measurements for velocity and SMD distributions for various Reynolds numbers are used to train the neural network to generate the injector's performance map. Excellent agreement between the predicted values and the measurements is obtained. It is observed that by reducing the number of randomly selected training samples to about one third of the number of prediction points, one may reconstruct the velocity field in the extrapolation regime with an accuracy of 93%. Copyright © 2005 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc....