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In this paper, seller-buyer supply chain coordination with general side-payment contracts is introduced to gain the maximum possible chain profit. In our model, the logistics costs for both buyer and seller are considered and the final demand is also supposed to be a decreasing function of the retail price. Since parties aim to maximize their individual profits, the contractual parameters are set in a way that these decisions become aligned with system optimal decisions. Therefore, a side payment contract is suggested in our model to assign the chain surplus profit to the chain members such that they have no intention to leave the coalition. Then, we change the contract into a quantity... 

The purpose of this paper is to adopt and analyze a new ordering policycalled one-for-one-period policy in a multi-echelon supply chain consisting ofone retailer and a series of TV suppliers. The main advantage of adopting theone-for-one-period (7,7) ordering policy for retailers is the elimination ofuncertainty for supplier which leads to total elimination of the safety stocksat all suppliers. This in turn leads to the reduction of the total system costsand in case any supplier's ordering cost is negligible it can even eliminate theneed for him to carry any inventory. In addition to this advantage, thenumerical results show that the application of this new policy for the retailerleads to... 

Biodiesel is an attractive renewable energy in Iran. However, the concerns for food security, emissions, and water requirement move us towards developing the analytical framework to study emission-water nexus of biodiesel via the multi objective sustainable planning of biodiesel supply chain. Here, the literature of biodiesel in Iran is comprehensively reviewed and main issues are discussed. Then, a supply chain planning model is applied to depict the optimal path ways to minimize costs, net emission, and water use in Iran during 25 years. The microalgae via open ponds and jatropha cultivation reduce the total costs and improve negative emissions. The jatropha optimizes the water use and... 

Purpose: In this paper, the joint replenishment problem is modeled for a two-level supply chain consisting of a single supplier and multiple retailers that use the vendor-managed inventory (VMI) policy for several products. This paper aims to find the optimal number of products to order in both policies, the optimal times at which each retailer orders the products in the traditional policy and the optimal times at which the supplier orders the product in the VMI policy. Design/methodology/approach: The problem is first formulated into the framework of a constrained integer nonlinear programming model; then, the problem is solved using a teacher-learner based optimization algorithm. As there... 

Functional relationship between supplier and buyer in an open market place leads to investigate the role of both quantifiable and non-quantifiable parameters in coordination mechanism with the aim of achieving higher performance in supply chain activities. Here, we develop a supply chain model and a new agent to analyze and simulate the players' behavior in the network. A cooperative game theory framework is utilized between buyer and supplier in order to increase the supply chain performance. The study is supported by presenting SC Net Optimizer as a tool for implementing the proposed coordination mechanism and evaluates the performance of the chain by simulation using stochastic Petri nets... 

This paper studies inventory and pricing policies in a non-cooperative supply chain with one supplier and several retailers who are involved in producing, delivering and selling a single product. We consider inventory policies in an information-asymmetric vendor managed inventory. The study consists of different scenarios where a supplier produces the product at the wholesale price to multiple retailers. The retailers also distribute the product in dispersed and independent markets at retail selling prices. The demand rate for each market is a non- decreasing concave function of the marketing expenditures of both local retailers and the manufacturer, but a non-increasing and convex function... 

The increasing level of customer awareness and application of environmental laws by governments, on the one hand, and the increasing number of competitors, on the other hand, has obliged industry owners to include green activities in the design of the supply chain network. Green activities include any type of action that reduces environmental degradation. Hence, this study seeks to develop a bi-objective, mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model for designing a green supply chain network. In the proposed model, the minimisation of costs and detrimental environmental effects are discussed. LP metric method is used to solve the bi-objective model and the proposed model is run by using... 

In this paper a two-echelon supply chain consisting of a supplier and aretailer is considered, Customers refer to retailer according to a Poissonprocess and retailer uses one for one inventory policy. Supplier followscontinuous review (r,Q) policy. Satisfying each demand which arrives to thesupplier needs an on hand-inventory and a process/service. Process/service andreplenishment lead times are random variables which are exponentiallydistributed. During a period that supplier has non zero on-hand inventory,arriving demands from retailer join the queue. But when supplier has no on-handinventory retailer buys product from the other source with zero lead time andadditional cost. In this paper... 

Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) model is developed and maintained by the Supply Chain Council (SCC). The model is a reference model which can be used to map, benchmark and improve the supply chain operations. SCOR model provides companies with a basic process modeling tool, an extensive benchmark database and defines a set of supply chain metrics. Mobarakeh Steel Company (located in Isfahan, Iran) initiated the project of studying and analyzing its supply chain performance based on the SCOR model. This paper explains the steps and the results of the project. Interviews with the managers and considering the documents on the four major subjects of planning, logistics, information flow... 

We consider a single item, two-level inventory system which consisting of two suppliers and one retailer. Transportation times are constant. The retailer faces Poisson demands and applies continuous (R,Q) policy. Each supplier starts with m initial batches of size Q/2 and places an order in a batch of size Q/2 to an outside source immediately after the retailer's inventory position reaches R+s. In this paper using the idea of the one-for-one ordering policy, we derive the exact value of the expected total cost in the convergent coordinated supply chain. © 2008 IEEE  

In this paper, we consider a dual-sourcing model with constant demand and stochastic lead times. Two suppliers may be different in terms of purchasing prices and lead-time parameters. The ordering takes place when the inventory level depletes to a reorder level, and the order is split among two suppliers. Unlike previous works in the order splitting literature, the supply lead time between vendor and buyer as well as unit purchasing prices is considered to be order quantity dependent. The proposed model finds out the optimal reorder point, order quantity and splitting proportion, using a solution procedure. Numerical results show that neglecting the relationship between ordering batch size... 

In this research, we investigate a three-stage supply chain with one supplier, several manufacturers and multiple retailers where the supplier provides a common raw material to each manufacturer, who in turn uses a single stage production facility to convert it into final products that are delivered at fixed lot sizes to retailers. An integrated economic procurement, production, and delivery model is developed whose objective is to find the common production cycle length, production sequences of final products at manufacturers and delivery frequencies of final products to retailers minimizing the total costs of considered supply chain. We propose an analytical solution procedure and an... 

Disruptions rarely occur in supply chains, but their negative financial and technical impacts make the recovery process very slow. In this paper, we propose a capacitated supply chain network design (SCND) model under random disruptions both in facility and transportation, which seeks to determine the optimal location and types of distribution centers (DC) and also the best plan to assign customers to each opened DC. Unlike other studies in the extent literature, we use new concepts of reliability to model the strategic behavior of DCs and customers at the network: (1) Failure of DCs might be partial, i.e. a disrupted DC might still be able to serve with a portion of its initial capacity (2)... 

This paper discusses the interaction between one manufacturer and a single retailer in a channel in which both are willing to optimize their profit by adjusting pricing and advertising decisions. The manufacturer produces and sells a product at wholesale price to the retailer who in turn distributes it to consumers with retail price. The market demand is simultaneously affected by retail price, brand advertising of the manufacturer, and local advertising of the retailer. A Cobb-Douglas demand function is used to demonstrate the relationship between the parameters. Decision variables are two firms’ prices and their advertising investments. The problem is modelled under integrated policy and... 

Now days supply chain systems operate in an operational environment with high uncertainty. Customer globalization, increase of natural and manmade disasters, outsourcing in far distances have increased uncertainty. Flexibility as a capability can help systems included supply chains respond to uncertainty and deliver value to their users. auto supply chain is the one that has suffered from these disasters. This paper encapsulates operational environment uncertainty through scenario development, then scores the scenarios based on some proxies. Design structure matrix is proposed to show the typical auto supply chain relationships before scenario occurring consequences and after that. in the... 

A collaborative supply chain seeks to coordinate its members to produce and distribute products along the chain for minimum overall costs to satisfy customer demand. An integrated multi-period, multi-product and multi-stage supply chain model is developed. A collaborative supply chain grid (CSCG) system gathers necessary information on operations and resources from members of the supply chain. It then guides the members on ordering decisions for a minimum overall cost, while continuously re-directing them as new data becomes available. An actual CSCG system has been implemented in a collaborative auto industry with diverse and dynamic membership, yielding an approximately 26% reduction in... 

Many developed models for deterioration items considered only costs related to inventories. Recently consumers and legislation have pushed companies to design their activities in order to reduce more and more the negative environmental impacts. Thus, it is important to examine the optimization of total supply chain costs and environmental impacts together. However, because of the recycling of the deteriorated items, the environmental impacts of supplying deterioration items are more significant than the non-deterioration products. The objective of this paper is developing a mathematical model and proposing a new replenishment policy in a centralized supply chain for deterioration items. In... 

This paper studying the impact of strategic customer behavior on decentralized supply chain gains and decisions, which includes a supplier, and a monopoly firm as a retailer who sells a single product over a finite two periods of selling season. We consider three types of customers: myopic, strategic and low-value customers. The problem is formulated as a bi-level game where at the second level (e.g. horizontal game), the retailer determines his/her equilibrium pricing strategy in a non-cooperative simultaneous general game with strategic customers who choose equilibrium purchasing strategy to maximize their expected surplus. At the first level (e.g. vertical game), the supplier competes...