Sharif Digital Repository

Tehran is surrounded by about ten active faults, which have had no major seismic activity during the last 200 years. Considering soil characteristics, the faults may cause fault ruptures, resonance, landslides in some areas. Tehran's MPE is determined to be about 0.4g which is a high seismic hazard. Specific codes have been generated in the last 50 years to ensure structures' stability when a quake occurs, but observations show that the codes are not fully implemented in the construction of public structures in Tehran. In this study, first the structural imperfections observed in the public structures and their effect on the structures' seismic performance were reviewed. The imperfections... 

In a macro view point, it can be said that housing demand in recent years is making the construction industry one of the main sectors of Iran’s economy. On the other hand, analysis of seismic risk in the country with regard to the geological conditions, the faults, and the seismic records of mega city of Tehran is depicting the delicate location of the Iranian capital. This city is selected as a case study in this thesis that has a high probability for the event; where this event has also been classified as a devastating earthquake ever. Due to the involvement of private sector in construction industry, the need for establishing a system of strict control on quality of construction of the... 

Forecasting model of water consumption amounts could be used in order to manage water resources for future condition of city. In this thesis, a model for forecasting water demand for Tehran has been presented by evaluating regression models and intelligent models. In this study, uncertainties which are connected to climate and population changes are taken into account. The considered variables include minimum, maximum and medium temperature, precipitation and solar radiation. Considering objectives of this thesis and various forecasting methods and their advantages and regional conditions of Tehran, in addition to regression analysis, perceptron neural network, probabilistic neural network... 

Tehran, the capital of Iran, like many megacities in the world is encountered with increasing freshwater demand and water resources limitation because of the rapid growth of population. In spite of the existence of neighboring water recourses; such as Karaj-Dam, Latian-Dam and Lar-Dam, and large usage of groundwater, the management of urban water demand is one of the biggest problems with this city. In this thesis, water reuse and wastewater recycling are considered as a sustainable solution for water supply and wastewater management of Tehran. A linear programming optimization model with the object of cost minimization is used to allocate water between users and resources, concerning the... 

About 6.5 million people die from air pollution annually, of which 5.5 million are from the Asian continent. By considering reduction of life span and external costs associated with the emission of air pollutants, the importance of environmental impact assessment and managing the reduction of pollutant emissions becomes even more important. Meanwhile, the largest share (85%) of pollutant emissions is related to the supply and demand sectors of energy carriers. Therefore, the design and development of the environmental impact assessment system of energy flows is a necessity in the process of sustainable development of the energy sector.A key policy challenge in Tehran megacity is to curb high... 

The concentration of air pollutants in the environment is variable according to different factors, including distances from main sources. Vehicles in streets and highways are one of the most important sources of the air pollutants. Hemmat highway is one of the most significant highways in Tehran with traffic congestion of 15000 to 18000 vehicle/hour. In this research, the concentrations of PM10 and CO were determined in different distances of Shahid Hemmat highway and the relationship diagrams of traffic and meteorology to the amount and emission of air pollutants were drawn. The concentration gradient diagrams showed exponential decay, which demonstrated that more than of 50% of air... 

Business cycles have been always one of the main issues discussed in macroeconomics. Nonlinear trend is one of the main characteristics of business cycles. Linear models are not able to explain this nonlinear nature. In order to capture nonlinear features of variables such as change rate of housing price or GDP which have severe ascending and descending and nonlinear behavior, regime switching models, specially Markov regime switching model, have been replaced existing linear models. Comprised to other models, regime switching model has a main advantage: this model is able to consider two important features of business cycles, i.e. asymmetry of different stages of business cycles and... 

The citizens’ dissatisfaction with the decreased life and residential care quality is increasing as a result of the rapid growth and development of cities. To find an effective solution to reduce and control these harmful effects is one of the main concerns of urban managers and planners in most countries. In this research, various ecological and sustainability criteria were selected through library-based studies and relative recognition of the region. The Maps were mostly provided through satellite imagery and some by using synoptic data collected from the official aerology website of the country, Iran. Through surveying the experts, different criteria were evaluated and based on the... 

Today, the increase in greenhouse gases and the accumulation of thesegases in the atmosphere has caused a destructive environmental impact. Transportation systems in the country consume 25 % of the energy, which isalso the main cause of air pollution in addition to the imposition of fuelconsumption and fuel imports this has led to the design and deployment of vehicles with new technologies, necessity and importance that hybridvehicles is one of the new technologies. Considering that the average speedin road traffic is low and internal combustion engines have lower efficiencyand higher emissions, the hybrid vehicle reduces the current costs (fuelconsumption) and external costs (air pollution)... 

Tehran is the most populated area in Iran and is one of the most densely populated cities in the world where almost 40 percent of all days have been classified as unhealthy for sensitive groups. According to emission inventory of Tehran over than 85 percent of emission are due to different types of vehicles. And light duty vehicles share more than 80 percent all vehicles and are responsible for most of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides emitted in Tehran atmosphere. In this study real emission factor of Hybrid Synergy vehicles which just have been introduced to Tehran fleet were tested under real conditions of streets. Data produced in this research have been combined with previous... 

Recently lots of studies have been done on driving cycles and parameters affecting pollutants emission and fuel consumption. Due to changes of driving behavior and traffic situations, it’s necessary to update driving cycle of a city to obtain more accurate simulation and analysis results. In this project, first of all driving cycle of Tehran city is developed using three different methods. These methods include choosing representative microtrips from specified traffic situations, clustering and choosing representative microtrips from all available data. Results show that using clustering method is more accuarate and parameters of the cycle developed using this method is closer to measured... 

In this study we investigate the effect of changing household electricity meter from single stroke case to smart meter on electricity consumption. For this purpose, 274111 electricity bill data of 12637 subscribers in Tehran city during the period from 1396 to 1399 has been used. These subscribers are divided into three groups; those who always use single stroke electricity meter or always use smart meter are separately considered as control group. Those who have been changed their electricity meter during the period are considered as treatment group. We use difference in difference method to estimate the effect of changing electricity meter on electricity consumption and average price they... 

Due to the fluctuations of macro-economic factors, Tehran’s housing market has experienced several nominal price shocks. We aim to find a method to study the spatiotemporal dispersion of the shock, the center for this shock (if one exists), and the shock diffusion in Tehran’s housing market. There are similar studies in different geographical locations, but almost all of them have focused on shock dispersion across regions and states rather than within a city. While there are a bulk of the studies to construct a usable House Price Index in Iran and the effect of macro-economic factors on house prices, a similar study was yet to be done for a specific city or across wider regions in the... 

Today, accidents are considered as one of the main causes of human mortality in the world. According to the World Health Organization, about 1.35 million people die in accidents each year, and 20 to 50 million people are injured because of accidents. In our country, about 17000 people are killed in traffic accidents annually. The mentioned statistics clarify the significance of paying attention to traffic accidents and identifying the factors that lead to them, as well as considering the strategies and policies for reducing accident rates. Due to the fundamental role of human factors in the occurrence of car accidents, the use of models that include the personality and attitude of drivers... 

Air pollution is a prevalent and pressing issue in Tehran, with significant impacts on both the environment and human health. this study uses statistical techniques, such as Pearson correlation, to determine the direction of influence of meteorological parameters on air pollutant concentrations, and Convergent Cross Mapping to quantify the causal relationship between meteorological parameters and ambient air pollutant concentrations, as well as feedback effects. Additionally, the research delves into the correlation between consumption of fossil fuels and air pollutants, as well as the relationship between lung cancer incidence and mortality by histological subtype and long-term exposure to... 

In this research, the problem of locating fire stations and allocating equipment has been studied and a simulation-optimization approach has been presented to solve the problem. The mathematical models of this research were developed based on the idea of the randomness of the covered demand and the maximum expected coverage model. In these models, the issue of non-availability of equipment to cover accidents, the random nature of accidents, various fire incidents and the equipment needed to cover them are considered. Two mathematical models with deterministic and non-deterministic approach with different scenarios for demand are proposed. The non-deterministic model is developed with the aim... 

Due to climate change and the increase in the emission of greenhouse gasses, the temperature of the large cities is increasing. Tehran, which is the capital of Iran and the most populated city of it, is no exception. One of the significant tools for characterizing heat in the cities is having access to the temperature field of the region. Different tools can be used for achieving the temperature field. Two methods for doing so are remote sensing and numerical models. Each one of the mentioned methods has their own strength and weaknesses. In this research, the WRF-ARW model (version 3.7) is used for deriving meteorological fields for the city of Tehran. One of the many merits of using... 

Currently PM2.5 is a major air pollution concern in Tehran, Iran due to frequent high levels and possible adverse impacts. In this study, which is the first of its kind to take place in Tehran, composition and sources of PM2.5 and carbonaceous aerosol were determined, and their seasonal trends were studied. In this regard, fine PM samples were collected every six days at four station for two years from February 2014 to February 2015 (first phase) and March 2015 to February 2016 (second phase). The samples were analyzed for ions, organic carbon (including water-soluble and insoluble portions), elemental carbon (EC), and all detectable elements. The source apportionment was performed using... 

Due to their adverse effects on human health and the environment, PM2.5 has been identified as one of the most important pollutants in Tehran. Considering the heterogeneous land use of this city, insufficient information on the amount and chemical components of these particles in its various regions, as well as lack of accurate information about the contribution of each source in the production of pollutants, this research investigates the concentration of fine particulate matter and its constituents in four stations of Tehransar, Sharif University of Technology, Shahid Mahallati and Shahriyar and studies their sources. Initially, the pollutant mass concentration and concentration of its... 

Over the course of past decade, air pollution has been placed among the top issues chocking capital Tehran. Stationary source of air pollution is among the most important, but, less treated facors. On the year, 2014, Tehran’s air quality company addressed a number of projects in this very field could gain further governmental supports. This announcement could be a sign, showing the importance of this research. These researches in fact, have the potentioal to increase the authority’s decision making abilities in critical situations. As the models prognosticates future with acceptble accuracy, it leads to highly efficient dicissions. The results could also be used in demographic studies as...