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    CaZnO-based nanoghosts for the detection of ssDNA, pCRISPR and recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen and targeted delivery of doxorubicin

    , Article Chemosphere ; Volume 306 , 2022 ; 00456535 (ISSN) Rabiee, N ; Akhavan, O ; Fatahi, Y ; Ghadiri, A. M ; Kiani, M ; Makvandi, P ; Rabiee, M ; Nicknam, M. H ; Saeb, M. R ; Varma, R. S ; Ashrafizadeh, M ; Nazarzadeh Zare, E ; Sharifi, E ; Lima, E. C ; Sharif University of Technology
    Elsevier Ltd  2022
    Abstract
    Overexpression of proteins/antigens and other gene-related sequences in the bodies could lead to significant mutations and refractory diseases. Detection and identification of assorted trace concentrations of such proteins/antigens and/or gene-related sequences remain challenging, affecting different pathogens and making viruses stronger. Correspondingly, coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) mutations/alterations and spread could lead to overexpression of ssDNA and the related antigens in the population and brisk activity in gene-editing technologies in the treatment/detection may lead to the presence of pCRISPR in the blood. Therefore, the detection and evaluation of their trace concentrations are of...