Optical telecommunications, and especially optical fiber-based telecommunications, have been one of the most important leading factors in advancing information technology. This age seems to have an insatiable appetite for information in a way that every two years we see a two-fold increase in the traffic of optical networks.The focus of this thesis is in the area of backbone optical networks. We know that companies operating in this field spend a huge amount of money to set up and maintain optical networks. One aspect of reducing costs in optical networks is the use of grooming to reduce the cost of using network equipment.Different heuristic algorithms for optimization are proposed for this...