Sharif Digital Repository

The bronchial tree plays a main role in the human respiratory system because the air distribution throughout the lungs and gas exchange with blood occur in the airways whose dimensions vary from several centimeters to micrometers. Organization of about 60,000 conducting airways and 33 million respiratory airways in a limited space results in a complex structure. Due to this inherent complexity and a high number of airways, using target-oriented dimensional reduction is inevitable. In addition, there is no general reduced-order model for various types of problems. This necessitates coming up with an appropriate model from a variety of different reduced-order models to solve the desired... 

The bronchial tree plays a main role in the human respiratory system because the air distribution throughout the lungs and gas exchange with blood occur in the airways whose dimensions vary from several centimeters to micrometers. Organization of about 60,000 conducting airways and 33 million respiratory airways in a limited space results in a complex structure. Due to this inherent complexity and a high number of airways, using target-oriented dimensional reduction is inevitable. In addition, there is no general reduced-order model for various types of problems. This necessitates coming up with an appropriate model from a variety of different reduced-order models to solve the desired... 

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) begins several years before the symptoms develop. It starts with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) which can be separated into Early MCI and Late MCI (EMCI and LMCI). Functional connectivity analysis and classification are done among the different stages of illness with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). In this study, in addition to the four stages including healthy, EMCI, LMCI, and AD, the patients have been tracked for a year. Indeed, the classification has been done among 7 groups to analyze the functional connectivity changes in one year in different stages. After generating the functional connectivity graphs for eliminating the weak links, three... 

Realistic description of fractured reservoirs demands primarily for a comprehensive understanding of fracture networks and their geometry including various individual fracture parameters as well as network connectivities. Newly developed multiple-point geostatistical simulation methods like SIMPAT and FILTERSIM are able to model connectivity and complexity of fracture networks more effectively than traditional variogrambased methods. This approach is therefore adopted to be used in this paper. Among the multiple-point statistics algorithms, FILTERSIM has the priority of less computational effort than does SIMPAT by applying filters and modern dimensionality reduction techniques to the... 

In the last few years there has been growing interest in the use of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) for brain mapping. To decode brain patterns in fMRI data, we need reliable and accurate classifiers. Towards this goal, we compared performance of eleven popular pattern recognition methods. Before performing pattern recognition, applying the dimensionality reduction methods can improve the classification performance; therefore, seven methods in region of interest (RDI) have been compared to answer the following question: which dimensionality reduction procedure performs best? In both tasks, in addition to measuring prediction accuracy, we estimated standard deviation of... 

Internet traffic classification is important in many aspects of network management such as data exploitation detection, malicious user identification, and restricting application traffic. Previously, features such as port and protocol numbers have been used to classify traffic, but these features can now be changed easily, making their use in traffic classification inadequate. Consequently, traffic classification based on machine learning (ML) is now employed. The number of features used in an ML algorithm has a significant impact on performance, in particular accuracy. In this paper, a minimum best feature set is chosen using a supervised method to obtain uncorrelated features. Outlier... 

Predicting the degree of compositionality of noun compounds such as snowball and butterfly is a crucial ingredient for lexicography and Natural Language Processing applications, to know whether the compound should be treated as a whole, or through its constituents, and what it means. Computational approaches for an automatic prediction typically represent and compare compounds and their constituents within a vector space and use distributional similarity as a proxy to predict the semantic relatedness between the compounds and their constituents as the compound's degree of compositionality. This paper provides a systematic evaluation of vector-space reduction variants across kinds, exploring... 

The problem of extracting low-dimensional structure from high-dimensional data arises in many applications such as machine learning, statistical pattern recognition, wireless sensor networks, and data compression. If the data is restricted to a lower dimensional subspace, then simple algorithms using linear projections can find the subspace and consequently estimate its dimensionality. However, if the data lies on a low-dimensional but nonlinear space (e.g., manifolds), then its structure may be highly nonlinear and, hence, linear methods are doomed to fail. In this paper, we introduce a new technique for dimensionality reduction based on point-wise operators. More precisely, let $ {bf A} n... 

This paper studies how to optimally embed a general metric, represented by a graph, into a target space while preserving the relative magnitudes of most distances. More precisely, in an ordinal embedding, we must preserve the relative order between pairs of distances (which pairs are larger or smaller), and not necessarily the values of the distances themselves. The relaxation of an ordinal embedding is the maximum ratio between two distances whose relative order is inverted by the embedding. We develop polynomial-time constant-factor approximation algorithms for minimizing the relaxation in an embedding of an unweighted graph into a line metric and into a tree metric. These two basic target... 

As an alternative to adaptive nonlinear schemes for dimensionality reduction, linear random projection has recently proved to be a reliable means for high-dimensional data processing. Widespread application of conventional random projection in the context of image analysis is, however, mainly impeded by excessive computational and memory requirements. In this paper, a two-dimensional random projection scheme is considered as a remedy to this problem, and the associated key notion of concentration of measure is closely studied. It is then applied in the contexts of image classification and sparse image reconstruction. Finally, theoretical results are validated within a comprehensive set of... 

A combined texture- and color-based skin detection is proposed in this paper. Nonsubsampled contourlet transform is used to represent texture of the whole image. Local neighbor contourlet coefficients of a pixel are used as feature vectors to classify each pixel. Dimensionality reduction is addressed through principal component analysis (PCA) to remedy the curse of dimensionality in the training phase. Before texture classification, the pixel is tested to determine whether it is skin-colored. Therefore, the classifier is learned to discriminate skin and non-skin texture for skin colored regions. A multi-layer perceptron is then trained using the feature vectors in the PCA reduced space. The... 

Multi-label classification has received considerable interest in recent years. Multi-label classifiers usually need to address many issues including: handling large-scale datasets with many instances and a large set of labels, compensating missing label assignments in the training set, considering correlations between labels, as well as exploiting unlabeled data to improve prediction performance. To tackle datasets with a large set of labels, embedding-based methods represent the label assignments in a low dimensional space. Many state-of-the-art embedding-based methods use a linear dimensionality reduction to map the label assignments to a low-dimensional space. However, by doing so, these... 

Multi-label classification has received considerable interest in recent years. Multi-label classifiers usually need to address many issues including: handling large-scale datasets with many instances and a large set of labels, compensating missing label assignments in the training set, considering correlations between labels, as well as exploiting unlabeled data to improve prediction performance. To tackle datasets with a large set of labels, embedding-based methods represent the label assignments in a low-dimensional space. Many state-of-the-art embedding-based methods use a linear dimensionality reduction to map the label assignments to a low-dimensional space. However, by doing so, these... 

The amount of high dimensional data produced by visual sensors in the smart environments and by autonomous vehicles is increasing exponentially. In order to search and model this data for real-time applications, the dimensionality of the data should be reduced. In this paper, a novel dimensionality reduction algorithm based on fuzzy rough set theory, called Centralized Binary Mapping (CBM), is proposed. The fuzzy CBM kernel is used for extracting the central elements and the memory cells from the blocks of high dimensional data. The proposed applications of CBM in this paper include hashing and generative modelling of multimedia big data. The robustness of the proposed CBM based hashing... 

Electromyogram signal (EMG) is an electrical manifestation of contractions of muscles. Surface EMG (sEMG) signal collected from the surface of skin has been used in diverse applications. One of its usages is in pattern recognition of hand prosthesis movements. The ability of current prosthesis devices has been generally limited to simple opening and closing tasks, minimizing their efficacy compared to natural hand capabilities. In order to extend the abilities and accuracy of prosthesis arm movements and performance, a novel sEMG pattern recognizing system is proposed. To extract more pertinent information we extracted sEMGs for selected hand movements. These features constitute our main... 

Heart is a complex system and we can find its function in electrocardiogram (ECG) signal. The records show high mortality rate of heart diseases. So it is essential to detect and recognize ECG arrhythmias. The problem with ECG analysis is the vast variations among morphologies of ECG signals. Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVC) is a common type of arrhythmia which may lead to critical situations and contains risk. This study, proposes a novel approach for detecting PVC and visualizing data with respect to ECG morphologies by using manifold learning. To this end, the Laplacian Eigenmaps - One of the reduction method and it is in the nonlinear category - is used to extract important... 

In this paper, we argue that in many basic algorithms for machine learning, including support vector machine (SVM) for classification, principal component analysis (PCA) for dimensionality reduction, and regression for dependency estimation, we need the inner products of the data samples, rather than the data samples themselves.Motivated by the above observation, we introduce the problem of private inner product retrieval for distributed machine learning, where we have a system including a database of some files, duplicated across some non-colluding servers. A user intends to retrieve a subset of specific size of the set of the inner product of every pair of data items in the database with... 

Nonlinear dimensionality reduction methods have demonstrated top-notch performance in many pattern recognition and image classification tasks. Despite their popularity, they suffer from highly expensive time and memory requirements, which render them inapplicable to large-scale datasets. To leverage such cases we propose a new method called "Path-Based Isomap". Similar to Isomap, we exploit geodesic paths to find the low-dimensional embedding. However, instead of preserving pairwise geodesic distances, the low-dimensional embedding is computed via a path-mapping algorithm. Due to the much fewer number of paths compared to number of data points, a significant improvement in time and memory... 

The aim of this study is to assess the functional connectivity from resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. Spectral clustering algorithm was applied to the realistic and real fMRI data acquired from a resting healthy subject to find functionally connected brain regions. In order to make computation of the spectral decompositions of the entire brain volume feasible, the similarity matrix has been sparsified with the t-nearestneighbor approach. Realistic data were created to investigate the performance of the proposed algorithm and comparing it to the recently proposed spectral clustering algorithm with the Nystrom approximation and also with some well-known... 

Dimensionality reduction is a necessary task in data mining when working with high dimensional data. A type of dimensionality reduction is feature selection. Feature selection based on feature ranking has received much attention by researchers. The major reasons are its scalability, ease of use, and fast computation. Feature ranking methods can be divided into different categories and may use different measures for ranking features. Recently, ensemble methods have entered in the field of ranking and achieved more accuracy among others. Accordingly, in this paper a Heterogeneous ensemble based algorithm for feature ranking is proposed. The base ranking methods in this ensemble structure are...