Sharif Digital Repository

In this study, ferrofluid droplet formation from a nozzle in the presence of a non-uniform Pulse-Width Modulated (PWM) magnetic field with different angles was studied experimentally. A Drop-on-Demand platform was introduced and three different regimes of droplet formation were observed. The regime map of the droplet formation was presented. A new type of droplet formation evolution was observed in which the droplet is formed while it is swinging around the nozzle, and the satellite droplet is not generated in this regime. The effects of five important parameters including magnetic flux density, applied magnetic frequency, duty cycle, distance between the nozzle and the center of the upper... 

A hybrid lattice Boltzmann and level set method (LBLSM) for two-phase immiscible fluids with large density differences is proposed. The lattice Boltzmann method is used for calculating the velocities, the interface is captured by the level set function and the surface tension force is replaced by an equivalent force field. The method can be applied to simulate two-phase fluid flows with the density ratio up to 1000. In case of zero or known pressure gradient the method is completely explicit. In order to validate the method, several examples are solved and the results are in agreement with analytical or experimental results. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved  

Recently, a hybrid Lattice Boltzmann Level Set Method (LBLSM) for two-phase incompressible fluids with large density differences, in cases of negligible or a priori known pressure gradients, has been proposed. In the present work, the mentioned LBLSM method is extended to take into account pressure gradient effects. The lattice Boltzmann method is used for calculating velocities, the interface is captured by the level set function, and the surface tension is replaced by an equivalent body force. The method can be applied to simulate two-phase fluid flows with density ratios up to 1000 and viscosity ratios up to 100. In order to validate the method, the evolution and merging of rising bubbles... 

Droplet microfluidic systems have attracted a large amount of research due to their numerous applications in biomedical micro-devices and drug discovery/delivery platforms. One of the most important problems in such systems is to investigate deformation, coalescence, and breakup of droplets within the channel. The present study demonstrates numerical simulation of a falling droplet subject to gravitational force in a channel with embedded rectangular obstacles. The lattice Boltzmann method incorporated using He–Chen–Zhang method for two phase flow is employed. Two rectangular obstacles with inverse aspect ratios are introduced to investigate the mechanism of breakup and deformation of the... 

A computational framework was developed to simulate the bone remodelling process as a structural topology optimisation problem. The mathematical formulation of the Level Set technique was extended and then implemented into a coronal plane model of the proximal femur to simulate the remodelling of internal structure and external geometry of bone into the optimal state. Results indicated that the proposed approach could reasonably mimic the major geometrical and material features of the natural bone. Simulation of the internal bone remodelling on the typical gross shape of the proximal femur, resulted in a density distribution pattern with good consistency with that of the natural bone. When... 

Droplet-based microfluidics technologies hold great attention in a wide range of applications, including chemical analysis, drug screening, and food industries. This work aimed to describe the effects of different physical properties of the two immiscible phases on droplet formation in a flow-focusing microfluidic device and determining proper flow rates to form a droplet within the desired size range. A numerical model was developed to solve the governing equations of two-phase flow and the results were validated with previous experimental results. The results demonstrate different types of droplet formation regimes from dripping to jetting and different production rates of droplets as a... 

In this study, the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) is used to investigate the deformation of two droplets within microfluidic T-junctions (MFTD). In order to increase the accuracy the two immiscible fluids are modeled using the He-Chen-Zhang model. First, this model is applied to ensure that the surface tension effect existing between the droplets and the continuous fluid is properly implemented in the model. Then the collision and merging of the two droplets within the intersection of a T-shaped microchannel is investigated. For generating droplet formation the effects of relevant dimensionless parameters such as the Reynolds, the Weber numbers as well as a collision parameter affecting the... 

Numerical simulations are performed to provide an in-depth insight into the effect of instabilities on liquid jets discharging from elliptical orifices. The axis-switching phenomenon and breakup are simulated and characterized under the effect of disturbances imposed at the nozzle exit. The simulations are based on the volume of fluid approach and an adaptive meshing. A range of orifice aspect ratios from 1 to 4 at the Rayleigh breakup regime is considered. The evolution of the jet cross section and axis switching under the influence of disturbances is compared with that of nonperturbed elliptical jets. It is found that the axis-switching repetition and breakup length exponentially decrease... 

A Volume of Fluid (VOF) method is used to stdy the breakup of droplets in T-junction geometries. Symmetric T-junctions, which are used to produce equal size droplets and have many applications in pharmacy and chemical industries, are considered. Two important factors namely "breakup time" and "breakup length" that can improve the performance of these systems have been introduced. In addition a novel system which consists of an asymmetric T-junction is proposed to produce unequal size droplets. The effects of the channel width ratio and the capillary number on the size and length of the generated droplets and also the time of the generation have been studied and discussed. For simulation the... 

The deformation and breakup dynamics of a compound ferrofluid droplet under shear flow and uniform magnetic field are numerically studied in this paper. Utilizing magnetic field provides the possibility to obtain better control over the compound droplet morphology and breakup in a simple shear flow. To solve the governing equations for interfaces motion and hydrodynamics, the conservative phase field lattice Boltzmann model is employed, and a finite difference approach is applied for calculating the magnetic field. To verify the accuracy of present simulations, the results are validated with those of four relevant benchmarks including liquid lens between two stratified fluids, three-phase... 

This study investigates an ethanol liquid jet subjected to combination of an air crossflow and a normal electric field. The results on the liquid jet trajectory and subsequent droplets flight paths are presented. The liquid jet trajectory was found as a function of two non-dimensional quantities; the liquid jet to the crossflow momentum ratio and the electroinertial number. The electroinertial number is defined as the ratio between the liquid jet specific momentum and the electric force. A correlation is introduced for the jet trajectory in low crossflow speeds and electric field intensities. The same two quantities control the detached droplets flight paths. Satellite droplets flight angles... 

Droplet-based microfluidics is an attractive approach for producing microgels due to its high potential to control the size and shape of the particles and precisely entrap the substances within the hydrogel matrix. However, the microfluidic generation of monodisperse microgels with desired structures is still challenging. Indeed, the rheological and interfacial properties of the immiscible fluids, as well as the adopted gelling strategy, play important roles in microfluidic methods. Herein, sodium alginate droplets with different concentrations are generated via a microfluidic device with a flow-focusing unit. Besides, a combined in situ and ex situ strategy is optimized to crosslink sodium... 

Coronary angiography is a vital instrument to detect the prevailing of vascular diseases, and accurate vascular segmentation acts a crucial role for proper quantitative analysis of the vascular tree morphological features. Level set methods are popular for segmenting the coronary arteries, but their performance is related to suitable start-up and optimum setting of regulating parameters, essentially done manually. This research presents a novel fuzzy level set procedure with the objective of segmentation of the coronary artery tree in 2-D X-ray angiography as automatically. It is clever to clearly develop from the early segmentation with spatial fuzzy grouping. The adjusting parameters of... 

Some interface front patterns of falling droplets are studied via direct numerical solution of the full Navier-Stokes equations governing the system of droplets and the ambient surrounding media as a single-fluid model. We focus on the mutual interactions of the effects of characterizing nondimensional parameters on the formation and break-up of large cylindrical droplets. The investigation of droplet cross sections and deformation angles shows that for moderate values of the Atwood number, increasing the Eötvös number explicitly increases the deformation rate in formation and breakup phenomena. Otherwise, increasing the Ohnesorge number basically amplifies the viscous effects  

Ferrofluid has been used in many fields, such as microfluidics, droplet formation, and heat transfer, due to its potential to be attracted in the presence of a magnetic field. Droplet formation, itself, has many applications such as emulsions, 3D micro-printers, MEMS, and electro-sprays. In this study, the mechanism of ferrofluid droplet formation from the nozzle in the presence of an alternating magnetic field was investigated. The magnetic coil was fixed at different angles with respect to gravity and the effect of the alternating magnetic field and the angle of the magnetic coil axis with respect to gravity on the produced droplet volume, satellite droplet, and droplet formation frequency... 

Numerous applications in engineering and biotechnology have attracted the attention of many researchers to the analysis of underlying physical phenomena during the droplet pinch-off. In this study, the neck evolution during the formation of a ferrofluid droplet from a capillary is investigated under two types of magnetic field for a drop-on-demand system. The two types are steady and Pulse-Width Modulated (PWM) magnetic fields. First, under steady magnetic field, the necking process is studied for different values of magnetic Bond number and various angles between magnetic coil centerline and gravity. Subsequently, self-similar behavior in the vicinity of the detachment moment is observed.... 

In this study, droplet generation in a T-junction fluidic channel device was studied by using electrowetting actuation with the consideration of different droplet forming regimes. For this purpose, the finite element method (FEM) was used to solve the unsteady Naiver-Stokes equation. In addition, the level set method was applied to capture the interface between two phases. It was shown that there was a good agreement between obtained data and other work during the process of droplet generation in the absence of electrowetting actuation which results in the decrease in the size of the droplet with increasing the velocity ratios. In the shearing regime, the effectiveness of electrowetting on... 

This paper deals with investigations of droplet dynamics in rotating flows. In many previous studies droplet dynamics was analyzed in simple unidirectional flows. To fill this gap, the focus of this study is an overview on investigations of droplet dynamics in a complex rotating flow. A Lattice Boltzmann Method with high potential in simulation of two-phase unsteady flows is applied to simulate the physics of the problem in a lid-driven cavity. In spite of its simple geometry, there is a complex rotating flow field containing different vortices and shear regions. The Reynolds number based on the cavity length scale and the upper wall velocity, ReL, is considered to be 1000. We discuss here... 

Breakup of non-uniform droplets in an asymmetric T junction consisting of an inlet channel and two different-size outlet channels has been investigated numerically. Also, an analytical approach in the limit of the lubrication approximation has been extended to provide some analytical relations to study the system and verify the numerical results. Parameters that are important in the performance of the system have been determined and discussed. Our results indicate that smaller droplets can be produced by increasing the capillary number. As the geometry becomes symmetric the pressure drop decreases. Our results also reveal that the breakup time and the pressure drop for this system are... 

The formation of water drops as a Newtonian fluid and formation of a shear-thinning non-Newtonian fluid, Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose (CMC) from a capillary into different bulk fluids are experimentally investigated. A high speed camera is used to visualize the images of the drops and an image-processing code employed to determine the drop properties from each image. It was found that the properties of the water drops when they are drooped into the liquids bulk fluids such as toluene and n-hexane are almost the same while they differed substantially when they were drooped into the air bulk fluid. It is shown that during the formation of water drop in all three kinds of bulk fluids, the drop...