Sharif Digital Repository

Many pieces of evidence of climate change show that humanity should be concerned about the future of its life and the planet. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has reached its highest level. Therefore, in recent years, the reduction of publications and climate issues has been on the agenda of governments. For this reason, governments and various international organizations are looking for a way to change and reform the global energy system. Forecasts indicate a decrease in the share of fossil fuels and an increase in the percentage of renewable energies and hydrogen. Hydrogen has been introduced as the future fuel carrier due to its many advantages such as the... 

Sustainable development of the energy system requires policies for ensuring reliable access to energy services with the lowest economic and environmental costs. Despite owning abundant reserves of fossil resources, Iran has witnessed an imbalance in the supply and demand of energy carriers, especially gas, gasoline, and electricity, over the past years. Within a comprehensive and detailed research, the optimal pattern of utilizing non-renewable energy resources along with renewables is evaluated in the context of sustainable energy development. The developed tool based on the integrated assessment approach can be used as a scientific analytic measure for the implementation of the desired... 

The high reliability of energy supply and the compatibility of the energy sector with the environment are essential factors in the process of the economic reconstruction and the sustainable development of countries. Thus, most of our activities, well-functioning of modern societies, and the growth of economies (such as the gross domestic product (GDP) of countries) depend on a reliable and efficient supply of energy. In today’s global and increasingly dynamic and turbulent environments, energy systems and supply energy are challenged with numerous disruptive events which threaten to disrupt the activities and performance of energy systems. There is a bilateral relation between energy sector... 

With the growing population and the development of human societies, the demand for energy increases. And it is expected that for the next few decades, fossil fuels will continue to be recognized as the main sources of energy supply and used to meet energy demand. One of the biggest disadvantages of fossil fuel consumption is the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, which raises the Earth's temperature and has devastating effects on the climate and the lives of its inhabitants. On the other hand, fossil fuels are recognized as non-renewable sources and their lifespan is only for the next few decades. Today, one of the major concerns of societies, especially in developed... 

Nowadays, variable generation and renewable energy resources are increasingly penetrating the energy systems to supply the users' demand at the distribution grid. Variable Energy Resources (VER) can provide energy at a lower cost, and they also guarantee cleaner energy. Still, the uncertainty and variability from these resources' output can affect the net-load of the system at each hour. Besides, the issue of energy balance has always been a challenge for the energy distribution networks. A comprehensive way to unravel this problem is to use flexible resources. One of the crucial issues in the flexibility debate is meeting this need by different energy resources. It is always an issue for... 

The objective of the present study is the development of an optimization model to identify the best configuration of renewable-based integrated energy systems. The system includes a combination of renewable energy systems such as wind, solar, hydropower and hydrogen production, storage facilities, and conventional fossil-fuel generators. The developed tool consists of various modules where water-heating assumes the utilization of waste energy as an option. Furthermore, the application, which is demonstrated for a case study in Tehran has been considered. The power exchange with the distribution network and injection of hydrogen produced from excess renewable sources into gas network are... 

The study presents a comprehensive electric arc furnace model for simulation and control application to predict chemical processes, heat and mass transfer. The model consists of arc module, chemical – slag module and heat transfer sector to observe fundamental phenomena affecting on energy consumption. Two modules act independently of each other and the two module calculations apply in the heat transfer sector. Arc module predicts the amount of energy dissipated from the arcs using arc currents and arc lengths; chemical and slag module calculates chemical energy, changes of elements/compounds, slag height and slag quality; while the heat-transfer sector uses calculations of the other two... 

The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyse the technological transition of a new clean energy technology in the market. The agent-based modeling is used in national innovation chain to describe knowledge spillover between main actors in innovation procedure in order to attain renewable energy technology (RET) from basic research to commercial stage. Government’s expenditure on training human resource and R&D activities is modeled as a tool to analyse the development of innovation chain in order to increase diffusion rate of the new technology. Application of the knowledge flow model is demonstrated through analysis of introduction of solar PV in the energy system of Iran and... 

Solar power is a clean energy resource which has been known as an important renewable energy source; however, due to the high cost of installation and the need for energy storage systems in the absence of sunlight at night, it has not been used on a large scale till now. Using the combination of solar energy and biomass energy from agriculture and urban waste in a power plant may be regarded as a commercial option due to the removal of individual solar power energy storage costs. In this study, a hybrid solar-biomass power plant will be studied. Linear Fresnelin and parabolic through technologies in the solar section and combustion and gasification technologies were used in the biomass... 

With regards to depleting of fossil energy sources and the country increasing need to energy, some efforts had been done to replacing renewable sources. To do this, due to decreasing greenhouse gasses, increasing the energy the protection sources, rural development and stable fuel supply in future, the biomass sources are take into consideration but one of considered problems of these sources is high cost and lack of infrastructures. Iran is among the countries that its fossil sources are coming to end and also has high potential of biomass sources. This research aim is developing of a model for evaluation of biomass utilization system to finding a path for supplying biomass energy and... 

Energy is a production factor and its availability and accessibility contributes to the improvement of the social welfare. Sustainable supply of energy is a prerequisite to the social and economical development. Over-exploitation of exhaustible energy resources along with the destruction caused by human activities has caused the environmental degradation. Therefore sustainable economic growth and improvement of the social welfare depend upon efficient supply of energy which ought to be compatible with the environment. Sustainable development is a concept which depicts a compromise between three aspects of development which are economical, social and environmental compatibility.
The... 

Trends of energy consumption and global warming, air pollution, Greenhouse gas emission, depletion of fossil energy resourcec and the rise in costs of fossil resources, indicate that renewable energies are reliable alternative in energy supply systems. The purpose of the project is to investigate the contribution of renewable energy to meeting energy demand of housing units. Household energy system consists of various parts which do intreract with each other. Total household energy system may be represented with the help of reference energy system in order to consider the effect of changes in one part on the other sections. In this regard, the reference diagram of household energy supply... 

The Middle-East with its enormous fossil fuel resources is considered as one of the most important regions with regard to the future world energy outlook. The region produced more than 32% and 16% of the world oil and gas, respectively, in 2012 and contains more than 48% of proven oil and 43% of proven gas reserves in the world and with 78 years of reserves-to-production ratio (RPR or R/P) has a key role in global energy provision. However, the energy issues in the region are intensifying. For instance, the fossil resources are pushed to the second half of their life time due to massive exploitation which results in change in production processes and raises the need for energy investment, on... 

In this project, a comprehensive model is developed for energy and exergy analysis in refineries. By studying Tehran’s North Refinery unit as a case study, the Reference Energy System as the conceptual model of the thesis and also Energy & Exergy Balance table is prepared. Through the exergy balance table, the Exergy efficiency defined. These factors help to settle priority for efficiency improvement investment. Then, the economic and technical relations and costraints are formulized using linear programming model. In this model, the CO2 emission and exergy destruction costs are intended. Using Energy System Model (ESM) software, the thesis model is advanced as RESM stands for Refinery... 

Upstream Oil and Gas due to the high energy consumption offer multiple degree of freedom that can be exploited to reduce capital and/or operating costs. Be use combination of optimization methods (Retrofit and Operational Problems) due to the complex nature of the optimization in UOG. To achieve the optimization Details need to identify relationships between variables. System modeling based on demand in two categories, can be divided: the demand for water and oil based and model based on electricity demand. Existing and new technologies in both evaluated and identificated the application of the system in upstream sections. The linear programming model used to determine the export of... 

In this research, the dynamic model of a quadrotor-cable airborne wind energy system is presented. These systems have received a lot of attention in recent years and many examples of them have been designed and built. In addition to comprehensive system modeling, cables and quadrotor in the quasi-stable autorotation phase are modeled separately. These models can be used in other fields in addition to wind energy systems. One of the applications of this thick cable model is in the marine industry.In this research, Newton-Euler method has been used for modeling. The cable model is considered and developed as rigid elements with joints with rotary springs and dampers. The quadrotor model is... 

Energy industries in many countries have initiated the process of privatization. Restructuring of energy systems is usually started with dividing the vertically integrated national systems into regional companies. Due to the geographical dimension of energy systems and natural monopoly in many activities, the process of privatization has started with segmentation of the vertically integrated national systems into regional companies. Thus, regional independent companies are formed that include a collection of producers and consumers of energy in their geographic area. These regional companies are economic entities who are pursuing a policy of maximize profit. On the other hand, exchange of... 

The Security of oil and gas supply and climate change are the most important challenges facing human today. Transportation sector is an important energy consumer sector. The share of transport sector in greenhouse gas emission, which steams from usage of hydro carbons, is considerable. Energy consumption and emission of pollutants in transport sector depend on the efficiency and technical features of transport technologies. Therefore, diffusion of new technologies in to transport sector has significant impact on energy usage and emission of pollutants in energy system. The aim of this project is to evaluate main features of life cycle of transportation technologies. Therefore, we developed a... 

Globally energy system is the main source of green house gas emission. 60-90 percent of manmade CO2 is due to energy sector. Pollutants like NOx, CO, Non Methane Hydrocarbons which may cause indirect effect on climate system are mainly emitting from energy sector. Gas, Oil and Coal extraction and transmission are responsible for more than 15% of Methane emission globally. Therefore it is important to consider all types of GHGs emission as well as all sectors of energy system to assess the GHGs mitigation potential throughout the energy system. Considering the significance of energy sector in GHGs emission, in this study we developed an optimized model for Iran’s energy sector in which we ran... 

In this research work an analytical instrument has been developed for assessment of energy technologies, R&D resource allocation and technology development. Development of new technologies has been considered according to the specific conditions of developing countries. The analytical instrument includes two models interlinked with each other: energy technology assessment and optimal control of innovation activities. Energy technology assessment and prioritization of new energy technologies are provided by the model of the energy supply system that contains a detailed representation of current and emerging technologies characterized in terms of their technical indices. The results of this...