Sharif Digital Repository

Reservoir lifetime optimization is an important issue. The policies that are used for maximum production using optimization methods become challenging in the presence of uncertainty. Robust Optimization (RO) method is a technique to deal with uncertainty. Because of insufficient data, uncertainty is an inherent characteristic of reservoir model. This leads to inexact solutions of an optimization problem. Also, design based on uncertainty in economic parameters, especially uncertain oil price is a challenging issue. Taking the uncertainty explicitly is a solution when there is no measurement available. To take into account uncertainty several possible values (realizations) for the uncertainty... 

In the present work, wet air oxidation of phenol over 7/3 MnO2/CeO2 composite oxide catalyst in trickle-bed and packed-bubble column reactors was modeled. Complexity of wet air oxidation reactions and catalyst poisoning with carbonaceous groups, on the surface and in the pores of catalyst, make the modeling process complicated. Plurality of mass balance equations which are confirmed in the catalyst pellet and in dynamic and static bed phase, also the equation of catalyst deactivation, lead us solve them simultaneously. In addition, the equations are two dimension and unsteady state and carbon of oxidation intermediates are present which make the modeling process more complicated. We are... 

The sulfur compounds in crude oil cause air pollution, metallic equipments’ corrosion and refinery catalysts poisoning like reforming catalysts. Therefore it is necessary to use hydrodesulfurization catalysts for sulfur content reduction. Hydrodesulfurization is the most common desulfurization method in the industry. In this method, sulfur compounds react with the hydrogen in presence of ComMo/γ Al2O3 catalyst and under hard operational conditions like high temperature ( 300-340 ͦC) and high pressure (20-100 atm of hydrogen). Then,these compounds are turned into hydrogen sulfide and hydrocarbons. In the next step, produced hydrogen sulfide will be eliminated from oil cutting.In this... 

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) is the main part of a Gas to Liquid (GTL) process. In this reaction which shall be done based upon iron or cobalt catalysts, H2 and CO molecules (namely Syngas) transform to long hydrocarbon chains. Regarding all of the advantages of cobalt catalysts in comparison with iron counterparts, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI) began investigations since two decade ago. The present catalyst comprised of cobalt as active metal, ruthenium as activity promiter and lanthanum as support (gamma alumina) modifier. By the way, still some areas such as its lifetime duration and deactivation needs to be improved by complimentary researches. The present... 

The study on the propane dehydrogenation process has been receiving significant attention due to the growing demand for propylene. Many efforts have been made to enhance the propylene yield by developing new catalysts with high-activity, high-stability and high-selectivity. Among these, platinum supported catalysts have been reported widely. Firstly, the current study mentions related work in the modeling of coke formation and deactivation of catalyst, experimental setup and catalysts which are conventionally used for propane dehydrogenation reaction. Then, a monolayer–multilayer mechanism is proposed for modelling the coke formation. In addition, the reaction rate of coke formation and its... 

Carbon dioxide photocatalytic reduction is one of the promising methods used to produce a wide range of renewable hydrocarbon fuels using sunlight in the presence of photocatalysts. In this study, a series of Nickel and Bismuth doped titanium dioxide samples were synthesized by Sol-gel method. After performing photocatalytic carbon dioxide recovery experiments and finding the optimum percentage of Nickel and Bismuth doped titanium dioxide,Ni and Bi co-doped TiO2 sample showed the highest photocatalytic activity. Amount of methane production was 21.13 μmol/gcat in the presence of co-doped sample that was about 6.5 times higher than the amount of methane produced in the presence of pure TiO2... 

The adsorption equilibria of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrogen on pelletized cation-exchanged faujasite zeolite (with alkali, alkaline earth, and transition metal ions) have been investigated by a volumetric apparatus. The standard instrumental analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) were utilized to characterize binder-free modified zeolites. The EDX spectra and AAS results revealed that the ion-exchange was successfully achieved with expected tendencies. The results indicate that the type of cation present in the zeolite... 

Fischer-Tropsch process (FT ) is one of the most important processes gas-to-liquid (GTL) conversion. This process converts synthesis gas into hydrocarbons. Depending on the catalyst and operating conditions of the process, heavy paraffins (Wax) are the most important products in this process. These products can be used to heavy paraffin catalyst hydrocracking in a process for the production of diesel fuel and gasoline to lighter products are suitable to be converted. The aim of this project is to develop a suitable kinetic model to describe the process of producing heavy paraffin hydrocracking process Fisher - Tropsch to be lighter products. In this regard, each 5 continuous mass model... 

High-capacity electrode materials are crucial for enhancing the performance of supercapacitors. Transition metal sulfides are considered promising materials for supercapacitor applications due to their high theoretical capacity and good electrical conductivity. Additionally, cerium oxide improves the performance of supercapacitors due to stable reversible oxidation states and greatly supported the faradaic redox reaction. In this study, ceria nanosheets incorporated with MCoS (M=Mn, Zn, Cu) were synthesized successfully through a facile hydrothermal method by sulfidation of MCo LDH/CeO2. The structural and morphological characteristics were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron... 

The global energy outlook has been altered as a result of mounting concerns regarding fossil fuels. Electrocatalysts have become a favorable alternative for renewable energy production processes, particularly in the fields of hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) and oxygen evolution (OER). This study focuses on the production and enhancement of nanocatalysts, specifically materials based on ZIF-67, for the purpose of water splitting. The initial phase included the synthesis of the ZIF-67 structure through the simple room-temperature coprecipitation process, utilizing cerium as a dual-metal component. The molarity of the cerium was optimized in the ZIF-67 framework to achieve the most desirable... 

The conversion of CO2 gas into value-add chemicals known as solar fuel technology attracted much consideration from the beginning of the 21st century owing to the potential of this technology in solving the climate change and energy shortage issues. In the present study, a well-known photocatalyst, TiO2, was doped with Bismuth element and was subjected to Pt nanoparticles loading as a cocatalyst to boost the photocatalytic CO2 conversion. Pristine TiO2 and Bi-doped samples were prepared by sol gel method. Then, a facile photo-deposition method was employed to introduce Pt onto the surface of TiO2. Various characterization techniques including XRD, DRS, BET, PL, FTIR, FESEM and TEM, were used... 

A triple photocatalytic composite of biochar, metal-organic framework and phosphomolybdic acid was prepared through solvothermal treatment of iron (III) chloride hexahydrate, terephthalic acid, lavandulifolia-derived biochar and phosphomolybdic acid. The composite was thoroughly characterized and utilized for photodegradation of organic dyes under visible light irradiation. Investigations of reaction variables confirmed that, the highest yield of 96.2% for a cationic Rhodamine-B (RhB) dye was achieved at ambient temperature when using 0.07 g of catalyst at pH of 7 and a dye concentration of 10 ppm. The activity of the composite was superior compared to its individual components implying... 

This study aims at synthesizing and investigating of heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production as an alternative to fossil fuel with the transesterification of oil and methanol. Three main sections of this thesis concern the synthesis of nano-catalysts, characterization analysis, and investigation of the transesterification reaction under different condition. Two series of heterogeneous catalysts, including different molar ratios of X%Li/Ca-La (X=0-7%) and Ca/Talc (Ca, 3Ca/1Talc, 1Ca/1Talc, 1Ca/3Talc, Talc) has been synthesized as active and stable catalysts to study the transesterification reaction of canola oil and methanol for biodiesel production. Prepared catalysts have been... 

Demand for the petroleum products is continuously increasing. Crude oil cannot be used as it is extracted, so that, there should be some treatment that may ended up producing heavy hydrocarbons. Therefore, refineries are searching for developing new technologies for upgrading those heavy materials and convert more and more bottom-of-the-barrel into high value distillate. Amongst the different residua upgrading processes, thermal upgrading processes are of the most interest and account for over 60% of total residua processing capacity. In this work, we investigate the effect of different additives in a delayed coking process. We used vacuum distillation residue of Abadan heavy crude oil... 

The kinetics of side reactions in dehydrogenation of propane over a supported platinum catalyst modified by tin was investigated. Catalytic dehydrogenation over a commercial Pt-Sn/γ-Al2O3 was carried out in a laboratory-scale plug-flow reactor at 580 to 620oC under atmospheric pressure. Several kinetic models derived from different reaction mechanisms were tested using experimental data obtained over a range of reaction conditions. It was found that the kinetics of the main dehydrogenation reaction was best described in terms of a Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism where adsorption of propane was the rate controlling step. Simple power low rate expressions were used to express the kinetics of... 

A series of V2O5 catalysts supported on multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT), single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and graphene were synthesized by hydrothermal and reflux methods for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (ODHP) to propylene. The catalysts were characterized by techniques including the BET surface area measurements, XRD, FTIR, H2-TPR, NH3-TPD, FESEM and UV-vis diffuse reflectance. The performance of the catalysts and the supports were subsequently examined in a fixed bed reactor. The vanadium catalyst supported on graphene with C/V molar ratio of 1:1 synthesized through the hydrothermal method had the best performance under the reactor test conditions of 450°C, feed C3H8/Air... 

In this study, desulfurization of petroleum coke has been investigated for use in aluminum industry. To reduce sulfur content in petroleum coke, desulfurization has been investigated by two methods of solvent extraction and molten caustic leaching. The method of molten caustic leaching at temperatures of 400-600 °C has been investigated. Other effective parameters on the desulfurization of petroleum coke are the mass ratio of alkali to feed (petroleum coke) in the range of 0.5-1.5 and the time of 1-3 hour and the mesh size of 200-600 micron. In this study, the conditions of desulfurization of petroleum coke using potassium hydroxide have been investigated. Results show that by using the... 

Nowadays, the use of microreactors is receiving a great deal of attention due to the unique characteristics of such systems, such as high surface-to-volume ratio, low material loss, greater safety, and minimizing mass and heat transfer limitations. In this study, the optimization of the continuous-flow synthesis of Plavix by Cu-MOF heterogeneous catalyst utilizing a glass microreactor was investigated. Structural characteristics of the catalyst were investigated using X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and BET surface area studies to describe the structure and morphology of the catalyst. In order to build... 

In recent decades, desulfurization processes have become essential to decrease environmental pollution due to the emission of sulfur from fuels. In this study, in order to desulfurize liquid fuel, a model fuel (normal heptane) was investigated under visible light ) 350-watt sodium lamp(, using H2O2 as oxidant and methanol as a solvent in the presence of Cu-C-TiO2 nanostructure. C-TiO2 was synthesized by the hydrothermal method. In order to modify and improve the properties, we doped the copper metal by impregnation method with different loading of Cu. Experimental results exhibited the highest activity among samples attributed to 0.5% Cu-C-TiO2 Which caused 98.27% degradation of DBT after 2... 

Hydrocracking is one of the most versatile petroleum refining process for production of valuable products including gasoline, gas oil, and kerosene. Various kinetic models have been proposed for hydrocracking process. A commonly used approach is to consider the mixture in terms of selected lums, which can be specified in terms of structural characteristics, such as boiling point. From this approach the reaction mixture can be considered in two types of discrete lumping and continuous lumping. In this thesis, a 5 parameter continuous kinetic lumping model was studied for modeling of the Isomax reactor of Tabriz refinery whose feedstock is a low quality gasoil from vaccum distillatin column....