Sharif Digital Repository

Carbazole is an alternant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of three fused rings with a large, aromatic system, containing nitrogen atom showing extensive electron delocalization. In this work, carbazole applied as π-conjugated bridge to construct electron donor–π–electron acceptor (D–π–A) organic dyes, where barbutiric acid and thiazolidine-2,4-dione as electron acceptor. The effects of these three acceptors and length of alkyl on the performance of the DSSCs were investigated systematically along with their photophysical and photo electrochemical properties. These series of organic dyes include (B-CH, B-C B, DT-CB, DB-CB). Our investigation indicate among dyes containing butyl as... 

Metal-free D–D–π–A type dyes (i.e., Car-Cy, Car-Rh, Dpa-Cy, and Dpa-Rh) were designed and synthesized for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). In the structure of the sensitized dyes, an imidazole ring is connected to a carbazole or diphenylamine moiety as a donor while cyanoacetic acid or rhodanine-3-acetic acid was introduced as an acceptor/anchor. The molecular structures of D–D–π–A type dyes were characterized using IR, NMR and MS spectral data. The optical, electrochemical, theoretical, light harvesting property, HOMO/LUMO levels, redox behavior, and photovoltaic properties of the synthesized dyes were evaluated. Among the fabricated photovoltaic devices based on the prepared dye, Dpa-Cy... 

In this study, a multivariate-based strategy was developed for simultaneous determination of thirteen carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water samples using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbent combined with gas chromatography (GC). The extraction technique is based on the strong affinity between citrate-capped AuNPs and PAHs. Furthermore, characterization of AuNPs was performed by UV-vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. A rotatable central composite design (CCD) combined with multiple linear regression (MLR) was used for designing the extraction procedure and developing models using the GC peak areas of 13... 

A bacterial strain, FBHYA2, capable of degrading naphthalene, was isolated from the American Petroleum Institute (API) separator of the Tehran Oil Refinery Complex (TORC). Strain FBHYA2 was identified as Achromobacter sp. based on physiological and biochemical characteristics and also phylogenetic similarity of 16S rRNA gene sequence. The optimal growth conditions for strain FBHYA2 were pH 6.0, 30°C and 1.0% NaCl. Strain FBHYA2 can utilize naphthalene as the sole source of carbon and energy and was able to degrade naphthalene aerobically very fast, 48 h for 96% removal at 500 mg/L concentration. The physiological response of Achromobacter sp., FBHYA2 to several hydrophobic chemicals... 

A modified in-tube solid phase microextraction (SPME) technique in conjunction with a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed for the trace determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water samples. The extraction device contained a regular HPLC syringe, replacing the metallic needle by two concentric fused silica capillary tubes. The capillary tubes were coated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the sorbent and were attached to the syringe by a homemade interface made from polyether ether ketone (PEEK). The sorption of analytes was achieved by frequent withdrawing and ejecting the water sample from/into a vial via the capillary tubes. For the desorption... 

Currently PM2.5 is a major air pollution concern in Tehran, Iran due to frequent high levels and possible adverse impacts. In this study, which is the first of its kind to take place in Tehran, composition and sources of PM2.5 and carbonaceous aerosol were determined, and their seasonal trends were studied. In this regard, fine PM samples were collected every six days at a residential station for one year and the chemical constituents including organic marker species, metals, and ions were analyzed by chemical analysis. The source apportionment was performed using organic molecular marker-based CMB receptor modeling. Carbonaceous compounds were the major contributors to fine particulate mass... 

N-annulated perylene based materials show outstanding and tunable optical and physical properties, making them suitable to be charge transport materials for optoelectronic applications. However, this type of materials has so far not been well studied in solar cells. Here, we develop a new hole transport material (HTM), namely S5, based on perylene building block terms, for organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs). We have systematically studied the influences of the film thickness of S5 on their photovoltaic performance, and a low concentration of S5 with a thinner HTM film is favorable for obtaining higher solar cell efficiency. S5 shows excellent energy alignment with... 

Carbazole compounds are p-type hole-transporting materials (HTMs) useful for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this work, we developed a new class of carbazol based HTMs; non-fused 3-D asymmetric structures (S14 and S12) as HTM of PSCs. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report on non-fused HTMs with a high glass transition temperature (Tg = 165 °C), which reduces crystallization and suppresses grain boundaries in glassy film, resulting in long-term durability. Experimental results show that tuning the carbazole moiety in S14 structure has a constructive influence on geometrical alignment, hole mobility, hydrophobicity, stability as well as efficiency. The resultant power conversion... 

Hydrothermal and in-situ polymerization methods were used to successfully fabricate a pompon flower-like CoGd0.5Fe1.5O4 (CG) as a magnetic component and a cauliflower-like poly(indole-co-Py) (PP) co-polymer as a dielectric component for microwave absorption. The physico-chemical properties of CG/PP samples were determined via XPS, XRD, FTIR, BET, UV–vis, EDS, and FESEM analysis. VNA and VSM were used to evaluate the dielectric and electromagnetic properties of the CG and PP samples. The results of the absorption capability tests revealed that bi-layer samples outperformed single layer samples in terms of microwave dissipation capability. The thickness and arrangement of each layer in bilayer... 

Fine particulate matter cause profound adverse health effects in Iran. Road traffic is one of the main sources of particulate matter (PM) in urban areas, and has a large contribution in PM2.5 and organic carbon concentration, in Tehran, Iran. The composition of fine PM vehicle emission is poorly known, so this paper aims to determine the mixed fleet source profile by using the analysed data from the two internal stations and the emission factor for PM light-duty vehicles emission. Tunnels are ideal media for extraction vehicle source profile and emission factor, due to vehicles are the only source of pollutant in the urban tunnels. In this study, PM samples were collected simultaneously in... 

In this study, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) modified with poly amidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers - by adding methyl acrylate and ethylenediamine continuously till 10th generation- which further anchored to benzaldehyde ligand through polymeric bonding and studied as a novel method for synthesizing a nano sorbent for removing naphthalene (NAP) from aqueous environments. Synthesized nanopolymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) equipped with EDS, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Based on the obtained analysis results synthesized average... 

In the present study, multivariate analytical figures of merit (AFOM) for three well-known second-order calibration algorithms, parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC), PARAFAC2 and multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS), were investigated in simulated hyphenated chromatographic systems including different artifacts (e.g., noise and peak shifts). Different two- and three-component systems with interferences were simulated. Resolved profiles from the target components were used to build calibration curves and to calculate the multivariate AFOMs, sensitivity (SEN), analytical sensitivity (γ), selectivity (SEL) and limit of detection (LOD). The obtained AFOMs for different... 

The aim of this study is to introduce an extractive phase based on gradient concept by continuous changing in chemical functional groups for non–targeted analysis. For this purpose, three different two–component coatings containing (3–aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTES) as polar and either phenyltriethoxysilane (PTES), octyl–trimethoxysilane (OTMS) or methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) as nonpolar precursors were formed on the modified stainless steel wires using controlled rate infusion (CRI) method. The presence of polar and/or non–polar functional groups on the surface of substrate was evaluated by Fourier–transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) together with contact angles determined... 

Implementation of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) in the separation science has attracted many researchers attention. In this study, the role of metal, ligand, the reaction condition and modification on the extraction efficiency of some MOFs was investigated. Among the prevalent reported MOFs, some members of the MIL and MOF–5 families were chosen, and eleven MOF–based sorbents were prepared by changing the metal and ligand type, reaction condition, and/or functionality through post synthetic modification (PSM). MIL–101 and MIL–101–NH2 based structures were initially synthesized based on the chromium and iron salts. Also, three zinc–based structures including MOF–5, [NH2(CH3)2]2... 

Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer mortality so, the analysis of exhaled human breath has great significance for early non-invasive diagnosis. Poor selectivity and strong humidity are two bottlenecks for the application of gas sensors to exhaled breath analysis. The development of novel extractive phases for the analysis of exhaled breath by chromatography is therefore a lucrative object. Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) are among the 3D porous materials whose unique properties make them promising coatings for solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Selective enrichment of polar or nonpolar targets depends on the pore size and functional groups on the POSSs. Herein, we... 

In this study, we designed, engineered and investigated two new thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) dyes obtained from D–A–D′ type, consisted of 2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-3-(3-methoxy-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-9H-xanthen and 2-(3,6-di-tert-butyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-3-(3-methoxy -9H-carbazol-9-yl)-9H-xanthen. In these dyes, xanthen derivative and carbazole derivatives have played important roles as an acceptor and two unsymmetrical donor units. In addition, the photophysical properties of these dyes were evaluated by the UV–VIS absorption, photoluminescence spectroscopy and photoluminescence decay lifetime analysis in solution, initial dye, non-doped and doped solid state (neat–film) at... 

A nanocomposite consisting of polythiophene–silver was prepared and implemented as a desired sorbent for headspace needle trap extraction. Colloidal silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) with narrow size distribution and high stability were synthesized in water–in–oil microemulsion. This simple procedure was adapted to prepare highly monodispersed Ag NPs, starting from an initial synthesis in sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) reverse micelles. Polythiophene (PT) was synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization in the presence of anhydrous ferric chloride while its polymeric structure was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). Eventually, the prepared PT was... 

The present contribution is devoted to develop multivariate analytical figures of merit (AFOMs) as a new metric for evaluation of quantitative measurements using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC × GC–MS). In this regard, new definition of sensitivity (SEN) is extended to GC × GC–MS data and then, other multivariate AFOMs including analytical SEN (γ), selectivity (SEL) and limit of detection (LOD) are calculated. Also, two frequently used second- and third-order calibration algorithms of multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) as representative of multi-set methods and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) as representative of... 

To evaluate the selectivity and efficiency of solid phase microextraction (SPME) fiber coatings, synthesized by sol-gel technology, roles of precursors and coating polymers were extensively investigated. An on-line combination of capillary microextraction (CME) technique and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was set up to perform the investigation. Ten different fiber coatings were synthesized in which five of them contained only the precursor and the rests were prepared using both the precursor and coating polymer. All the coatings were chemically bonded to the inner surface of copper tubes, intended to be used as the CME device and already functionalized by self-assembly... 

In the present work, we investigated the characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metal(loid)s in indoor/outdoor PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 in a retirement home and a school dormitory in Tehran from May 2012 to May 2013. The results indicated that the annual levels of indoor and outdoor PM10 and PM2.5 were much higher than the guidelines issued by the World Health Organization (WHO). The most abundant detected metal(loid)s in PM were Si, Fe, Zn, Al, and Pb. We found higher percentages of metal(loid)s in smaller size fractions of PM. Additionally, the results showed that the total PAHs (ΣPAHs) bound to PM were...