Sharif Digital Repository

A fast high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) approach combined to solid phase extraction (SPE) as a pre-concentration step is developed for simultaneous determination of five selected pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, naproxen, diclofenac, gemfibrozil and mefenamic acid) in water samples. The effective factors on the efficiency of SPE procedure are optimized using faced-centered central composite design (FCCD). In addition, multi-response optimization by using Derringer's desirability function is used to find the optimum experimental conditions for extraction of analytes from well and river waters. Due to the complexity of water matrices and the presence of... 

An on-line extraction/determination set up was designed for micro solid-phase extraction of clodinafop propargyl from water, soil and wheat samples using electrospun polyamide nanofiber mats. The prepared mats were packed in a stainless steel tube which conveniently acted as a high-performance liquid chromatography injection loop. Influential parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were optimized using a distilled water sample fortified with 25 μg L-1 of clodinafop propargyl. An enrichment factor of 440 was achieved for clodinafop propargyl indicating the ability of the whole procedure. Under the optimum conditions, the linearity for the analyte was in the range of 6-700 μg L-1, while... 

A simple, rapid and sensitive method based on microextraction in packed syringe (MEPS), in combination with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed. Polyaniline (PANI) nanowires network was synthesized and used as sorbent of MEPS for the multiresidue determination of selected analytes from triazine, organochlrorine and organophosphorous pesticides in aqueous samples. The PANI nanowires network was prepared using soft template technique and its characterization was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The presence of micelles in this methodology showed to be an important parameter in shaping the growing polymer. Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB) was used... 

A new micro-solid phase extraction method was developed by combining solid-phase extraction and stir bar sorptive extraction to benefit from the advantages of both techniques. A polypyrrole coating was electrochemically synthesized on the surface of an already used graphite furnace, employed in electro-thermal atomic absorption spectroscopy. The cylindrical geometry of the graphite tube provided a rather huge surface area, suitable for sorptive extraction. The novel sorbent coating was examined as an extracting medium to isolate malathion. Effects of different parameters such as extraction time, salt concentration, sample volume, desorption solvent and time were investigated and optimized.... 

A new facile, rapid, inexpensive, and sensitive method based on magnetic micro-solid phase extraction (M-μ-SPE) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed for determination of the herbicide oxadiargyl in environmental water samples. The feasibility of employing non-modified magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as sorbent was examined and applied to perform the extraction process. Influential parameters affecting the extraction efficiency along with desorption conditions were investigated and optimized. The limit of detection (LOD, S/N = 3) and limit of quantification (LOQ, S/N = 10) of the method under optimized conditions were 0.005 and 0.030 ng mL-1, respectively. The... 

A new method based on the combination of magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) and spectrofluorimetric determination was developed for isolation and preconcentration of fluoxetine form aquatic and biological samples using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) as a sorbent. The unique properties of Fe3O4 NPs including high surface area and strong magnetism were utilized effectively in the MSPE process. Effect of different parameters influencing the extraction efficiency of fluoxetine including the amount of Fe3O4 and SDS, pH value, sample volume, extraction time, desorption solvent and time were optimized. Under optimized condition, the method was successfully applied... 

Superhydrophobic materials have attracted many attentions in recent years while their application in sample preparation remained almost intact. In this project, a rough surface of melamine formaldehyde foam was silanized by chemical deposition of trichloromethylsilane to form a highly porous and superhydrophobic material, presumably a suitable medium for extracting non–polar compounds such as benzene and its methyl derivatives. The prepared sorbent was packed in a needle for the headspace needle–trap microextraction of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX). Major parameters associated with the extraction/desorption processes were considered for optimization. Under the optimized... 

A polymeric material, polyaniline, was employed as a new sorbent for solid-phase extraction (SPE) of some environmental pollutants from water samples. Chlorophenols were extracted from aqueous samples by SPE using 120 mg polyaniline and determined by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. The acetate esters of these phenols were formed by the direct addition of acetic anhydride to the organic extractant in the presence of K2CO3. Different conditions were applied to obtain higher retaining capacity and breakthrough volumes. The results compared with those obtained by other groups. The RSD for a river water sample spiked at sub-ppb level was lower than 10% (n = 3) and detection... 

A pyrrole-based polymer was synthesized and applied as a new sorbent for solid-phase extraction (SPE) of some environmental pollutants from water samples. Polypyrrole (PPy) was synthesized by chemical oxidation of the monomer in nonaqueous solution. SPE of selected phenols, pesticides, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from aqueous samples were performed using 200mg PPy. The determination was subsequently carried out by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The polymer showed much higher recoveries for aromatic compounds than aliphatics. Preconcentration of sample volumes up 1l led to acceptable recoveries for aromatic and... 

Three different conductive polymers, poly-N-methylaniline (PNMA), polyaniline and polydiphenylamine were synthesised and used as sorbents for the solid-phase extraction of some phenolic compounds from water. The separation and determination was, subsequently, performed by gas chromatography-electron-capture and flame ionization detection. Among these easy-made polymers, PNMA gave better recovery for the extraction of the studied analytes. The capability of the PNMA to extract other non-polar compounds such as chloro- and methylbenzene, decane, decanol, cyclohexane and cyclohexanol was also studied. The polymer showed some sort of selectivity towards aromatic compounds than aliphatic.... 

A homemade immersed solvent microextraction (SME) device was successfully developed for the trace enrichment of phenols from aqueous samples. A microdrop of butyl acetate was suspended from the tip of a microsyringe needle, immersed in an aqueous spiked solution for a preset time. The microdrop was then retracted into the microsyringe and injected directly into a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) injection port. Effects of different parameters such as the type of solvent, extraction time, stirring rate, and temperature were investigated and optimized. To reduce the polarity of phenols and prevent tailing effects, all the phenols were derivatized prior to extraction using acetic... 

Water-quality modeling and prediction is a complicated task because of inherent randomness and uncertainties associated with various processes and variables throughout the stream environment and the lack of appropriate data. Hence, the results of mathematical models are always approximate, lying within an uncertainty. This paper describes and demonstrates the application of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's water-quality model, QUAL2E-UNCAS, to the Zayandeh-Rood River in Iran. First-order reliability analysis is used to examine the variability of predicted water-quality parameters of total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, and biochemical oxygen demand. This analysis also... 

An immersed solvent microextraction (SME) method was successfully developed for the trace enrichment of s-triazine herbicides from aquatic media. A microdrop of butyl acetate was applied as the extraction solvent. After extraction, the microdrop was introduced directly into a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) injection port. Some important extraction parameters such as type of solvent, extraction time, stirring rate, and temperature were investigated and optimized. The highest possible microdrop volume of 3 μl, a sampling temperature of 60°C, and use of butyl acetate are major parameters to obtain high enrichment factors. The enrichment factor and linearity was studied by... 

Sarabs (spring-fed pools) are an important natural freshwater resource in Iran where they are used for potable, agricultural and recreational purposes. A survey of 17 Sarabs was undertaken in the Province of Kermanshah to obtain data on their water quality and biology which would help inform future management of these multifunctional resources. These Sarabs differed greatly in size (50-30000m2 surface area) and were situated at altitudes of between 622 and 1697 m above sea level. The average dissolved oxygen content and pH of the water was between 4.5 and 10mg O2/1, and 6.95 and 7.6 respectively. The Sarabs differed particularly in their dissolved solids content from 100μS/cm (detectable... 

A headspace solvent microextraction method was developed for the trace determination of geosmin, an odorant compound, in water samples. After performing the extraction by a microdrop of an organic solvent, the microdrop was introduced directly into a GC-MS injection port. One-at-the-time optimization strategy was applied to investigate and optimize some important extraction parameters such as type of solvent, drop volume, temperature, stirring rate, ionic strength, sample volume, and extraction time. The analytical data exhibited an RSD of less than 5% (n = 5), a linear calibration range of 5-900 ng/L (r2 > 0.998), and a detection limit of 0.8 and 3.3 ng/L using two different sets of... 

A fiber coating from polyaniline (PANI) was electrochemically prepared and employed for solid phase microextraction (SPME) of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from water samples. The PANI film was directly electrodeposited on the platinum wire surface in sulfuric acid solution using cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique. The applicability of this coating was assessed employing a laboratory-made SPME device and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the extraction of some PAHs from the headspace of aqueous samples. Application of wider potential range in CV led to a PANI with more stability against the temperature. The homogeneity and the porous surface structure of the... 

Air in water flow is a frequent phenomenon in hydraulic structures. The main reason for air entrainment is vortices at water intakes, pumping stations, tunnel inlets, and so on. The accumulated air, in a conduit, can evolve to a different flow pattern, from stratified to pressurized. Among different patterns, slug is most complex with extreme pressure variations. Due to lack of firm relations between pressure and influential parameters, study of slug flow is very important. Based on an experimental model, pressure fluctuations inside a circular, horizontal, and inclined pipe (90 mm inside diameter and 10 m long) carrying tow-phase air-water slug flow has been studied. Pressure fluctuations... 

Efficient environmental management calls for the consideration of multiple pollutants, for which two main types of transferable discharge permit (TDP) program have been described: separate permits that manage each pollutant individually in separate markets, with each permit based on the quantity of the pollutant or its environmental effects, and weighted-sum permits that aggregate several pollutants as a single commodity to be traded in a single market. In this paper, we perform a mathematical analysis of TDP programs for multiple pollutants that jointly affect the environment (i.e., interactive pollutants) and demonstrate the practicality of this approach for cost-efficient maintenance of...