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Investigation of Low Salinity Waterflooding Predictive Capability and the Development of a Tool for Screening Candidates
, M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology ; Mahani, Hassan (Supervisor) ; Ayatollahi, Shahab (Supervisor)
Abstract
Among different enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods, low salinity waterflooding (LSWF) has been attractive to researchers because of its relative simplicity and lower environmental problems compared to other conventional EOR methods. Numerous researchers have attempted to find the main cause of the low salinity effect (LSE). According to previous studies, several experimental techniques have been proposed for predicting LSE and screening potential field candidates. However, there is a lack of a systematic investigation of all (or even some of) the methods to compare and determine their LSE predictive capability. Predictive capability development is essential because it saves costs and time...
Experimental Investigation of Rock Wettability Effect on Carbonate Reservoir Matrix Acidizing
, M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology ; Ayatollahi, Shahaboddin (Supervisor) ; Masihi, Mohsen (Supervisor)
Abstract
Matrix acidizing operation is one of the popular methods of well stimulation in the oil and gas industry which is used to remove near wellbore damage, increase the permeability, hence improve the production rate from the formation. Hydrochloric acid is used in the carbonate reservoirs to remove formation damage and create wormhole deep in the rock. It has been shown that with the proper operating design, significant improvement in the production rate can be obtained. A successful acid operations involves the proper selection of the candidate wells, identify the type of formation damage, stimulation method selection, correct design acidizing scenario, implementation of the technique and...
Micromodel Investigation of the Non-Monotonic Effect of Injection Water Salinity on Wettability and Oil Recovery
, M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology ; Mahani, Hassan (Supervisor)
Abstract
Based on numerous laboratory and field evidence, low-salinity waterflooding or engineered salinity waterflooding can lead to enhanced oil production. According to the literature, the mechanisms involved in this process can be divided into two general categories: fluid-fluid interactions and solid-liquid interactions. These mechanisms are caused by intermolecular and electrostatic forces at the rock and fluid interfaces. The most important controlling factor of the electrostatic forces is the concentration of ions at/near fluids-rock interface. Therefore, improving the concentration of ions causes a shift in wettability toward a more water-wetting state, eventually leading to increased oil...
Dynamic Simulation of Wettability Alteration Induced by Low-Salinity-Effect: Study of Phenomena within Thin Water Film
, M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology ; Mahani, Hassan (Supervisor) ; Joekar Niasar, Vahid (Co-Supervisor)
Abstract
Recent experimental studies have demonstrated that the lowering of brine could alter the wettability of the oil-brine-rock systems from an oil-wetting state toward a more water-wetting state. This so-called “Low-salinity effect” (LSE) is one of the main effects of the enhanced oil recovery technology based on low-salinity waterflooding. “Double layer expansion” (DLE) in the thin brine film is proposed as the principal mechanism of this phenomenon. Nonetheless, the role of the electrical behavior of the oil/brine and rock/brine interfaces on the kinetics and dynamics of this process is not well understood. Moreover, since most of the previous works have either dealt with a thin film at...
Multi-Scale Numerical Modeling of Two Phase Flow over Flexible Surface Micro-Structures
, Ph.D. Dissertation Sharif University of Technology ; Javadi, Khodayar (Supervisor)
Abstract
The present thesis investigates the micro-droplet dynamics in an inclined channel covered with flexible structures. For this purpose, the DPD (dissipative particle dynamics) method is used to study the behavior of particles present in the flow, including the droplet, the fluid around the droplet, and polymeric structures. This model leads to a more accurate representation of flow hydrodynamics and indicates the way for exploring and understanding complex fluid properties in real flows. The first part of the thesis deals with the dynamics of rising bubbles attached to a vertical wall under different wettability conditions. Even though bubbles rising freely in a liquid have extensively been...
Mechanistic Investigation of Enhanced Oil Recovery by Engineered Water Using Computational Fluid Dynamics at Pore Scale
, Ph.D. Dissertation Sharif University of Technology ; Ayatollahi, Shahaboddin (Supervisor) ; Mahani, Hassan (Supervisor)
Abstract
Despite the proven advantage of the engineered water flooding technique, a coherent and mechanistic understanding of the fundamental phenomena occurring at pore scale is lacking. Most of the available simulation models have a phenomenological approach and have limited predictive capability. One of the key questions is how to justify and relate large (Darcy) scale observations to effects and phenomena that essentially occur at much smaller scales (i.e. pore and molecular level). Furthermore, two-phase flow dynamics and the effect of complex interplay between wettability, capillary number, and ions dispersion in a heterogeneous porous medium on the trapping and mobilization of oil at pore...
Simulation of GAGD Process to Study the Impact of Effective Parameters on Operability Range and Recovery Factor
,
M.Sc. Thesis
Sharif University of Technology
;
Pishvaie, Mahmoud Reza
(Supervisor)
;
Bozorgmehry, Ramin
(Supervisor)
Abstract
Gravity drainage is the self-propulsion of oil downward in the reservoir rock. Under favorable natural and operational conditions, it has been found to effect recoveries comparable to water displacement. With modern technical knowledge, the operator can often make a choice between dissolved gas drive, water drive and gravity drainage as the principal recovery agent in a reservoir. So far, gravity drainage has received less consideration than the other two. Gravity drainage is one of the most important processes taking place in fractured reservoirs and it plays a major role in oil recovery from low permeability matrix blocks during gas injection process. Gravity drainage is responsible for...
Experimental and Modeling Study of Enhanced Oil Recovery Improvement during Nanosilica Particle Flooding to Oil Reservoirs
, M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology ; Vosoughi, Manuchehr (Supervisor) ; Ghazanfari, Mohammad Hassan (Supervisor) ; Masihi, Mohsen (Supervisor)
Abstract
Recent studies in nanotechnology field have shown this technology could solve many challenges and needs in oil and gas industry. As yet, many applications of nanoparticles in enhanced oil recovery have been reported. One of the most important applications is wettability alteration due to presence of nanoparticles in injecting fluid, which has recently been studied by several research groups. These studies indicate that, presence of nanoparticles in injecting water would improve oil recovery. However, there is no adequate information about the mechanisms affecting fluid flow in reservoir rock and its mathematical modeling.The aim of this project is to evaluate the effect of injection of...
Numerical Investigation of Surface Wettability Effect on Liquid-Liquid Two-Phase Flow Heat Transfer in Microchannels
, Ph.D. Dissertation Sharif University of Technology ; Kazemzadeh Hannani, Siamak (Supervisor) ; Farhanieh, Bijan (Co-Supervisor)
Abstract
It is aimed in this study to numerically investigate the effect of contact angle on the heat transfer coefficient in oil-water two-phase flow. For this purpose, the finite element method (FEM) is used to solve the unsteady Navier-Stokes and energy equations. The level set method is also used to capture the interface between the phases. In the first part of the study, two-phase flow of the water and calibration oil is considered in a T-junction geometry at contact angles of 5°, 40°, and 75°. It is observed that the flow patterns formed in the microchannel depend on the initial flow condition which results in the hysteresis phenomenon. Investigating the effect of wall contact angle on the...
Experimental Investigation of Formation Damage Caused by Wellbore Fluids Using Glass Micromodel
, M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology ; Mahani, Hassan (Supervisor)
Abstract
During all operations in oil and gas reservoirs, it is possible to cause formation damage. These damages can greatly reduce the rate of production. One of the major damages that can seriously affect the performance of a reservoir is the damage caused by drilling fluid. The main purpose of this thesis is to study the main mechanisms of formation damage caused by water-based drilling fluid using a glass micromodel for the first time. An accurate understanding of the mechanisms of formation damage can provide a good understanding of the selection of the type and concentration of materials used, as well as appropriate methods to control and eliminate damages. for controlling the drilling fluid...
Numerical Investigation of Motion of Nanodroplets on Wetting Gradient Surfaces
, M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology ; Moosavi, Ali (Supervisor)
Abstract
A droplet placed on the boundary of two solids with different wettabilities will move to the more wettable part. This is a well-known phenomenon and has been extensively used in a variety of processes and applications ranging from biological systems and ink jet printing to the commercial lab-on-a-chip. Because of its importance, many studies are conducted around this phenomenon. The difference between the equilibrium contact angles of the droplet on the two parts gives rise to an interfacial driving force which moves the droplet. Such a motion is not continuous as the droplet slides to the more wettable area, the driving force diminishes and consequently the droplet stops. A non-stop motion...
Experimental Study of Nano-bio Material Injection for Heavy Oil Recovery in Shaly Systems Using Micro-model Apparatus
, M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology ; Vossoughi, Manouchehr (Supervisor) ; Ghazanfari, Mohammad Hossein (Co-Advisor)
Abstract
In this research we aim to find enhance oil recovery mechanisms involved in nano-bio material injection by micro model apparatus which has not been studied before. Especially for injection in heavy oil and shaly porous media that forms most of heavy oil reservoirs. To this end, microscopic images from injection of nano-bio materials to shaly patterns have been taken and analyzed to find the process mechanism. Also amount of enhance oil recovery in different conditions like type of microbe forming bio material, nano-bio material concentration and type of flow pattern (shale characteristics including length, direction and distance from injection and production wells) will be studied.Three...
History Matching and Performance Prediction of Naturally Fractured Petroleum Reservoir Based on the Recovery Curve Method
, Ph.D. Dissertation Sharif University of Technology ; Massihi, Mohsen (Supervisor) ; Ghazanfari, Mohammad Hossein (Supervisor) ; Heinemann, Zoltan (Co-Advisor)
Abstract
The discrete fracture network and continuous fracture network are among the most widely used methods to model naturally fractured reservoirs. Each method faces particular limitations. The recently introduced recovery curve method (RCM) is believed to meet the limitations of the common methods. In the RCM the recovery curves are used to more realistically describe matrix-fracture interactions. It is necessary to present appropriate solutions to apply the RCM in the real fileds and also to evaluate it based on the historical production data. In this work at first, the basics of the RCM are presented then with a simple column model this method is validated. Then in a column model and a field...
Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Porous Media Wettability on Trapping and Hysteresis in Water/Oil Two Phase Flow System
,
M.Sc. Thesis
Sharif University of Technology
;
Fatemi, Mobeen
(Supervisor)
;
Ghazanfari, Mohammad Hossein
(Supervisor)
Abstract
Wettability of reservoir rock is one of the effective parameters in determining the mechanisms of production and consequently the amount of residual oil inside the porous media. In addition, the salinity of injected water is important factor in the recovery of reservoir oil in waterflooding.On the other hand, the role of the hysteresis on the residual oil saturation as well as the flow functions such as relative permeability curves is very important. In this project, the effects of reservoir wettability and injected water salinity on the hysteresis and residual oil saturation in two-phase water-oil flow systems are studied. Core-scale experiments were carried out using sandpacks and were...
Experimental Investigation and Modeling of Flow ّunction Variation in Enhanced oil Recovery Using Low Salinity/Smart Water Injection in a Carbonate Reservoir
, Ph.D. Dissertation Sharif University of Technology ; Ayatollahi, Shahaboddin (Supervisor) ; Fatemi, Mobin (Supervisor)
Abstract
Low salinity water flooding (LSWF) as an efficient enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique is proved to affect both, fluid-fluid and rock-fluid interactions to potentially release the trapped oil from the porous rock. Despite more than one decade of extensive research works on the low salinity water effect (LSWE), there are still many parameters to be studied for very complex cases. Therefore, in the first part of the experimental study of the dissertation, a systematic investigation on the effect of the initial wetting state (water-wet or oil-wet) of pure calcite is conducted to study the importance of fluid/fluid and fluid/rock interactions for LSWE investigation. In the case of initially...
Coupling Flow and Geochemistry for Numerical Simulation of Low Salinity/Smart Waterflooding in Carbonates
, M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology ; Ayatollahi, Shahab (Supervisor) ; Mahani, Hassan (Supervisor)
Abstract
Due to the decrease in oil reserves in the world, increasing population and the growing demands for oil consumption in the world, increasing the oil recovery from oil reservoirs has become more important. Increasing the amount of oil production efficiency by using low salinity water/modified salinity water has been highly appreciated during the last two decades. Low-salt water is a new method, due to its advantages such as low cost, simplicity of operation and low environmental hazards. It is believed that low salinity water can alter the rock wettability from a more oil-wetting state to a more water-wetting state. In order to be able to predict the performance of low salinity water...
Modeling of Wettability Alteration During Enhanced Oil Recovery by Surfactants
, M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology ; Ghazanfari, Mohammad Hossein (Supervisor) ; Ayatollahi, Shahaboddin (Supervisor)
Abstract
There are considerable investigations on wettability alteration in carbonate reservoirs in recent years. The presence of ions including Ca, Si, Al etc in natural carbonate rocks and also the presence of various fatty acids, resins, asphaltenes etc in crude oil makes it difficult to understand the complex mechanism of wettability alteration by using surfactants. Furthermore there is still a conspicuous lack of dynamic wettability alteration model to demonstrate the dynamic behavior of cationic surfactants during wettability alteration. It is also widely accepted that cationic surfactants have substantial impact on changing the wettability of strongly oil-wet matrixes to a more water-wet...
Experimental and Modeling Investigation of Wettability Alteration to Gas Wetting Condition in Gas Condensate Reservoirs
, M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology ; Ghazanfari, Mohammad Hossein (Supervisor)
Abstract
During production from gas condensate reservoirs, reservoir pressure decreses to lower than dew point pressure of the reservoir fluid. Consequently, condensates will form in near wellbore regions, which significantly decrease well productivity. One of the remediations that is recently proposed for solving this problem is wettability alteration of near wellbore region to gas wetting condition. In comparison to other methods, it provides a better permanency, which is its key advantage. The main purpose of this thesis is, quantitative, qualitative and modeling study of wettability alteration of rock to gas wetting condition and verification of modeling rsults for a reservoir rock sample. Also,...
Experimental Investigation of Heavy Oil Recovery by Natural Surfactant Injection in Heterogeneous Systems Using Micromodel Apparatus
, M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology ; Rashtchian, Davood (Supervisor) ; Ghazanfari, Mohammad Hossein (Co-Advisor)
Abstract
Nowadays, due to limitation of production from conventional oil reservoirs, enhanced recovery from heavy oil reservoirs is of great concern. However, production from these energy resources is not a simple task and production using common technologies is not easily exploitable. Heterogeneous structure and also high surface tension between injected fluid and reservoir oil are of the main challenges during water flooding processes in heavy oil reservoirs. The high surface tension force causes a large part of the oil remains in the reservoir after the water flooding operation. One method for overcoming this problem is the use of surfactants that reduces capillary forces and consequently...
Pore-scale Modeling and Simulation of Low Salinity Waterflooding (LSWF) with OpenPNM
, M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology ; Mahani, Hassan (Supervisor) ; Ayatollahi, Shahabodin (Supervisor) ; Sadegh Nejad, Saeid (Co-Supervisor)
Abstract
The Low salinity water flooding is one of the important methods of secondary and tertiary oil production in which many expert petroleum-production engineering working on it in recent two decades. There are some basis mechanisms for low salinity method presented in the literatures including fine migrations, alkaline flooding, multicomponent ionic exchange, electrical double-layer expansion and pH-driven wettability alteration. The main approach is generating low salinity mechanism especially wettability alteration in OpenPNM framework. OpenPNM is a python base framework developed by Jeff Gostick for porous media modeling. OpenPNM has paved the way for extracting pore network models (PNM) from...