Sharif Digital Repository

The penetration of wind energy in power systems has been growing due to its interminable and mild environmental effects. The intrinsic attributes of this environmentally-friendly energy, i.e., the stochastic nature of wind farms generation, however, imposes various technical and financial challenges into power systems. So, developing an accurate wind farm modeling approach aimed at taking into account the wind generation intermittency can relieve many of these challenges. Therefore, this paper takes a step to an efficient wind farm modeling procedure employing an accurate as well as well-known Neural Network (NN)-based tool. The proposed approach is comprised of two main steps. The wind... 

The capacity factor is an important wind turbine parameter which is ratio of average output electrical power to rated electrical power of the wind turbine. Another main factor, the AEP, the annual energy production, can be determined using wind characteristics and wind turbine performance. Lower rated power may lead to higher capacity factor but will reduce the AEP. Therefore, it is important to consider simultaneously both the capacity factor and the AEP in design or selecting a wind turbine. In this work, a new semi-empirical secondary capacity factor is introduced for determining a rated wind speed at which yearly energy and hydrogen production obtain a maximum value. This capacity factor... 

In this article, the flow behavior around a NACA 0012 airfoil which is oscillating with different Reynolds numbers and in various amplitudes has been investigated numerically. Numerical simulations have been performed with ANSYS software. First, the 2-D geometry has been studied in different Reynolds numbers and angles of attack with various numerical methods in its static condition. This analysis was to choose the best turbulent model and comparing the grids to have the optimum one for dynamic simulations. Because the analysis was to study the blades of wind turbines, the Reynolds numbers were not arbitrary. They were in the range of 9.71e5 to 22.65e5. The angle of attack was in the range... 

In this paper, an analytical approach for the reliability modeling of large wind farms is presented. A systematic method based on frequency and duration approach is utilized to model a wind farm like a multistate conventional unit, where the probability, frequency of occurrence, and departure rate of each state can be obtained using the regional wind regime of wind farm and wind turbine characteristics. The proposed method is capable of finding both annual frequency and average time of load curtailment analytically in the presence of wind power. A wind farm in the northern region of Iran with the wind speed registration of one year is studied in this paper. To accommodate time-varying... 

Optimization of wind farm (WF) layout has been studied in the literature with the objective of maximizing the wind energy capture. Based on the power spectrum density (PSD) theorem, this paper shows that the WF layout affects not only the total harvested energy but also the level of power fluctuation, which in turn influences required capacity of battery energy storage system (BESS) needed to mitigate the inherent power fluctuation of the wind farms. Since both harvested energy level and BESS capacity directly influence the profit of WF owner, the effect of WF layout on these quantities are taken into account simultaneously and WF layout optimization problem is redefined. Genetic algorithm... 

Optimization of wind farm (WF) layout has been studied in the literature with the objective of maximizing the wind energy capture. Based on the power spectrum density theorem, this paper shows that the WF layout affects not only the total harvested energy but also the level of power fluctuation, which, in turn, influences required capacity of battery energy storage system (BESS) needed to mitigate the inherent power fluctuation of the WFs. Since, both harvested energy level and BESS capacity directly influence the profit of WF owner, the effect of WF layout on these quantities is taken into account simultaneously, and WF layout optimization problem is redefined. Genetic algorithm is then... 

Miscellaneous sorts of renewable energies, despite of their positive impacts on the power system operation cost and environmental concerns, could jeopardize the system reliability due to introducing significant degrees of intermittency and uncertainty. This challenge could be overcome by composing various sources of renewable energies with complimentary natures. This paper devises an explicit mathematical framework to compromise the contribution of wind and solar energies. The optimization problem is to maximize the system reliability subject to a fixed monetary investment associated with both wind and solar. The problem formulation is based on mixed-integer programming (MIP) format in which... 

Industrial air pollution from point and nonpoint sources of steel complexes has drawn increasingly more public attention in the past decades. Previous research efforts have been more concentrated on point sources of particulate emissions from these complexes. However, wind-induced particulate emissions from iron ore storage piles not only result in ambient air pollution but also increase economic adverse effects to the industry by loss of process raw materials. Experiments were conducted to assess the impact of wind speed and humidity on particulate emission rates from iron ore storage piles. A wind-generating system and specific iron ore, experimental piles (L:W:H of 30:11.5:5 cm) were... 

This paper analytically investigates the effects of system and controller parameters and operating conditions on the dynamic and transient behavior of wind turbines (WTs) with doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs) under voltage dips and wind speed fluctuations. Also, it deals with the design considerations regarding rotor and speed controllers. The poorly damped electrical and mechanical modes of the system are identified, and the effects of system parameters, and speed/rotor controllers on these modes are investigated by modal and sensitivity analyses. The results of theoretical studies are verified by time domain simulations. It is found that the dynamic behavior of the DFIG-based WT... 

This paper analytically investigates the dynamic behavior of fixed speed wind turbines (FSWTs) under wind speed fluctuations and system disturbances, and identifies the nature of transient instability and system variables involved in the instability. The nature of transient instability in FSWT is not similar to synchronous generators in which the cause of instability is rotor angle instability. In this paper, the study of dynamic behavior includes modal and sensitivity analysis, dynamic behavior analysis under wind speed fluctuation, eigenvalue tracking, and using it to characterize the instability mode, and investigating possible outcomes of instability. The results of theoretical studies... 

This paper proposes a decentralized market-based model for long-term capacity investment decisions in a liberalized electricity market with significant wind power generation. In such an environment, investment and construction decisions are based on price signal feedbacks and imperfect foresight of future conditions in electricity market. System dynamics concepts are used to model structural characteristics of power market such as, long-term firms' behavior and relationships between variables, feedbacks and time delays. For conventional generation units, short-term price feedback for generation dispatching of forward market is implemented as well as long-term price expectation for... 

Dynamic thermal rating (DTR) of transmission system facilities is a way to maximally realize the equipment capacities while not threatening their health. With regards to transmission lines, the allowable current of conductors is forecasted based on the environmental situations expected in some forthcoming time periods. Due to the fact that weather conditions continuously vary, sampling points are very limited against many line spans, and the measurements have an inherent error, uncertainties must be appropriately included in the DTR determination. This paper adopts the fuzzy theory as a strong and simple tool to model uncertainties in the DTR calculation. Since DTR intends to determine the... 

The purpose of this article is to develop a new method to estimate annual energy output for a given wind turbine in any region which should be easy to use and has satisfactory accuracy. To do this, hourly wind speeds of 25 different stations in Netherlands, output power curve of S47 wind turbine and fuzzy modeling techniques and artificial neural networks were used and a model is developed to estimate annual energy output for S47 wind turbine in different regions. Since this model has three inputs (average wind speed, standard deviation of wind speed, and air density of that region), this model is easy to use. The accuracy of this method is compared with the accuracy of conventional methods... 

This paper investigates the effects of two important factors, i.e., correlation of wind farms output with load and wind speed coincidence in determining the required static reserve in a high wind-penetrated power system. To this end, it suggests an analytical approach to involve the effects of these two factors in probabilistic analytical multi-state models of wind farms output generation. Based on an optimization framework with the objective of reaching the desirable level of correlation, the key idea is to calculate some joint probabilities for equivalent models of wind farms. As a result, these models become compatible with the ones for conventional generation units in adequacy studies of... 

The Social Cost of nuisance noise from a wind turbine is defined here as the additional cost to reduce the noise level at a receptor to an exceptable, non-nuisance value, i.e. to mitigate this cost. This acceptable sound level is considered to be 35 dB. Our example is a 10-kW (nominal power) wind turbine considered to supply the electrical energy needs of a 3-storey residential building in Tehran and Manjil. The turbine generates sound at 75 dB. To reduce the sound level at the third floor of the building to 35 dB, it was necessary to increase the height of the turbine from 24 m to 48 m. The initial installed cost of the turbine thereby increased from US$45.000 to US$55,000. The cost of... 

Variable speed wind turbines are widely used in the modern power industry. These turbines that are usually driven by doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) contain two groups of controlling variables; mechanical variables like pitch angle, and electrical variables like rotor voltage. During the turbine operation, with variable wind speed, power must be managed in two different regimes; power optimization and power limitation. In the current research, initially a non-linear simulation, based on the general wind turbine dynamic model is presented. Then, the desired controllers for both pitch angle and generator voltage components are constructed. To validate turbine behavior and controller... 

Natural ventilation has been used to increase indoor air quality, remove pollutants, and remove heat absorbed in the building structure. Some architectural features such as wind-catcher systems are used to induce airflow into buildings, and openings equipped with louvers are employed to reduce solar daylight while allowing natural ventilation. Earlier studies on ventilated louvers and wind-catchers have shown the impact of the louvers’ opening positions and slat angles. However, their combination with each other has been less studied. This paper presents CFD simulations of cross-ventilation in a generic isolated building integrated with a one-sided roof-top wind-catcher and the outlet... 

The estimation of the wind resource at the hub height of a wind turbine is one of the primary goals of site assessment. Since in a majority of cities the wind speed is measured at lower heights, the power law model is applied to estimate the wind speed at higher heights. In this study, the wind data for 10 cities in Iran have been analyzed over a period of one year. The accuracy of the power law model to estimate the wind speed has been examined with variations of height and time during this year. The energy production of a wind turbine using the measured wind speeds and the speeds estimated by the power law model were compared. The measured data revealed that in some cities the wind speed... 

This study proposes a modified virtual inertial control (MVIC) scheme for doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)based wind turbines (WTs), which both improves the frequency response of these renewable resources and enhances the power system oscillation damping capabilities. It is shown that the proposed control structure enables the WT to participate prudentially in system frequency regulation, which means the amount of WT kinetic energy released to the grid and its participation in system frequency support is alleviated as its stored energy decreases. The proposed control strategy is introduced conceptually, and its performance is verified analytically. Effects of wind speed variations on... 

This paper presents a multi-model robust control (MMRC) design for an offshore variable speed wind turbine with tension leg platform. The proposed control scheme covers the model uncertainty in the above rated wind speed, and it provides a reliable control for power regulation while minimizing the mechanical loads on the wind turbine structure. For this purpose, the above rated wind speed region is divided into several wind speed groups, and a set of linearized models are obtained from the Fatigue, Aerodynamics, Structures, and Turbulence (FAST) simulator for various mean wind speeds of each group. Using Weibull wind speed distribution, a nominal model with additive uncertainty is generated...