Sharif Digital Repository

A novel electrochemical sensor for clonazepam (CLNP) was fabricated based on immobilizing cellulose nanofibers/carbon nanoparticles (CNFs/CNPs) nanocomposite on glassy carbon electrode (CNFs/CNPs/GCE). The combination of CNFs and CNPs produced a novel kind of structurally uniform and electro-analytically active nanocomposite. The surface morphology of CNFs/CNPs layer deposited onto glassy carbon electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The results of the voltammetric investigations showed a considerable enhancement in the cathodic peak current of CLNP (up to 60 times) on the surface of CNFs/CNPs/GCE relative to the bare GCE. Under the optimal conditions, the modified... 

A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) is modified with platinum nanoparticle (PtNPs) decorated multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT). The modified electrode is applied for the determination of ceftriaxone (CFX) in the presence of lidocaine. Different methods were used to characterize the surface morphology of the modified electrode. The electrochemical behavior of CFX was investigated at GCE, MWCNT/GCE and PtNPs/MWCNT/GCE. A factorial-based response-surface methodology was used to find out the optimum conditions with minimum number of experiments. Under the optimized conditions, oxidation peak currents increased linearly with CFX concentration in the range of 0.01-10.00 μM with a detection limit of... 

Graphene oxide nanoplatelets (GONPs) with extremely sharp edges (lateral dimensions ∼20-200 nm and thicknesses <2 nm) were applied in extraction of the overexpressed guanine synthesized in the cytoplasm of leukemia cells. The blood serums containing the extracted guanine were used in differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) with reduced graphene oxide nanowall (rGONW) electrodes to develop fast and ultra-sensitive electrochemical detection of leukemia cells at leukemia fractions (LFs) of ∼10-11 (as the lower detection limit). The stability of the DPV signals obtained by oxidation of the extracted guanine on the rGONWs was studied after 20 cycles. Without the guanine extraction, the DPV peaks... 

Both natural montmorilonite (CN) and organically modified montmorilonite (CB) improved significantly the mechanical performance of novolac phenolic resin (PF)/woven glass-fiber (GF) composites due to their nanodispersion and good interfacial interaction with the matrix. It was revealed that the incorporation of 2.5 wt% of the clays enhances the elastic modulus up to 38% for CN and 43% for CB. Aging of PF/GF composites at various aqueous solutions, i.e. water, brine and acidic environments, increased stiffness of the composite (∼100-250% increase in elastic modulus) due to possible secondary crosslinking caused by water molecules and hydroxyl groups of PF resin. However, aging led to the... 

Recently, nanodiamonds have attracted interest in biomedical applications such as drug delivery, targeted cancer therapies, fabrication of tissue scaffolds, and biosensors. We incorporated diamond nanoparticles in alginate-bioactive glass films by electrophoretic process to prepare functional coatings for biomedical implants. Turbidity examination by time-resolved laser transmittance measurement revealed that a stable multi-component aqueous suspension of alginate, bioactive glass and diamond particles could be obtained at concentrations of 0.6, 1.3, and 0.65 g/l, respectively. Uniform films with ~ 5 μm thickness were deposited on 316 stainless steel foils by employing constant field... 

Controlling topographic features at all length scales is of great importance for the interaction of cells with tissue regenerative materials. We utilized an indirect three-dimensional printing method to fabricate polymeric scaffolds with pre-defined and controlled external and internal architecture that had an interconnected structure with macro- (400-500 μm) and micro- (∼25 μm) porosity. Polycaprolactone (PCL) was used as model system to study the kinetics of tissue growth within porous scaffolds. The surface of the scaffolds was decorated with TiO2 and bioactive glass (BG) nanoparticles to the better match to nanoarchitecture of extracellular matrix (ECM). Micrometric BG particles were... 

Different concentrations of CaF2 were incorporated in mica glass-ceramics to evaluate their effects on the crystallization and microstructure. The kinetics of phase transformations, and the microstructures of the final crystalline phase were found to be dependent on the concentration of nucleation agents. The results showed that CaF2 in high concentration had a synergistic effect and enhanced the formation of interlocked mica crystals. Non-isothermal DTA experiments showed that the crystallization activation energies of base glasses were changed in the range of 235-405 kJ/mol, while the crystallization activation energies of samples with addition of CaF2 were changed in the range of 419-747... 

Design and operation of an opto-mechanical system employing a double-cell is reported here for the color liquid reflection studies. The reported system consists of a double-fiber optical design and an electro-mechanical scanning system. In this arrangement one fiber transmits the source light to the object surface and the second one transmits the light reflected from the sample to a photodetector. By scanning the double-fiber assembly in one-direction reflection properties of different color liquids are investigated. Reflection signals depend on the cell surface structure and the cell filled material. Two sets of flat/cylindrical cells made of almost similar glass materials are used for this... 

For the first time graphene nanosheets and carbon nanospheres/chitosan (GNS-CNS/CS) based nanocomposite film modified electrode was used for the electro-oxidation of mebendazole (MD). MD is a benzimidazole drug that is used to treat human infections caused by parasitic worms. MD causes slow immobilization and death of the worms by selectively and irreversibly blocking uptake of glucose. The electrochemical behavior of MD at GNS-CNS/CS modified glassy carbon electrode has been investigated using cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry in aqueous media at different pHs. The prepared electrode showed an excellent electrochemical activity toward the electro-oxidation of MD leading to a... 

This paper concerns on experimental investigation of biopolymer/polymer flooding in fractured five-spot systems. In this study, a series of polymer injection processes were performed on five-spot glass type micromodels saturated with heavy crude oil. Seven fractured glass type micromodels were used to illustrate the effects of polymer type/concentration on oil recovery efficiency in presence of fractures with different geometrical properties (i.e., fractures orientation, length and number of fractures). Four synthetic polymers as well as a biopolymer at different levels of concentration were tested. Also a micromodel constituted from dead-end pores with various geometrical properties was... 

SiO2-CaO-MgO glass and glass-ceramic powder doped with Nd 3+ were synthesized with sol-gel method. Tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), Ca(NO3)2·4H2O, Mg(NO 3)2·6H2O, Nd(NO3) 3·6H2O, ethanol, distilled water, and HNO 3 were used as starting materials. The synthesized powder's properties were examined with simultaneous thermal analysis (STA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The STA curves showed that the softening point and crystallization temperatures were shifted to higher temperatures with increasing dopant content. Regarding XRD patterns of glass samples, Nd was found to act as an intermediate oxide in glass matrix. The XRD... 

In the present work, a novel microextraction method named in situ solvent formation microextraction (ISFME) using ionic liquids (ILs) for preconcentration of carbaryl and carbofuran in water samples is introduced. In this method, a small amount of sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF6), as an ion pairing agent, was added to a sample solution containing a small quantity of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [Hmim][BF4] as a hydrophobic ionic liquid. A cloudy solution formed as a result of formation of fine droplets of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [Hmim][PF 6]. After centrifugation, the fine droplets of the extractant phase settled to the bottom of the conical-bottom... 

The use of polymer flooding as one of enhanced oil recovery methods has recently increased. The occurrence of high shear rates in reservoir and near well bore through perforation nozzles during polymer flooding cause shear degradation of polymers and therefore polymer viscosity has decreased. Rheological behavior of polymer solution in different conditions of oil reservoir is one of the key factors to develop use of polymer solutions. A few researches are available regarding improving rheological behavior of polymeric solution. In this study, to investigate the effect of nanoparticles on rheological behavior of polymer solutions two samples were prepared: polyacrylamide solution in water and... 

Gravity drainage is the main production mechanism in the gas invaded zone in naturally fractured reservoirs. However, there are large ambiguities and complexities, resulting from the dynamic of oil depletion from matrix blocks toward the fracture network. Visualization of drained oil at pore scale using glass micromodels provides the opportunity to better understand the effects of different parameters which might affect oil recovery from fractured reservoirs. In this work a micromodel apparatus generated by laser etching is used to perform some gravity drainage tests on the network patterns. The experiments were performed on double block systems using crude oil. The block to block... 

The effect of etching time on the statistical properties of hydrophilic surfaces of SiO2/TiO2/glass nano bilayers has been studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and a stochastic approach based on a level crossing analysis. We have created rough surfaces of the hydrophilic SiO 2/TiO2 nano bilayer system by using 26% potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution. Measuring the average apparent contact angle allowed us to assess the degree of hydrophilicity, and the optimum condition was determined to be 10 min etching time. A level crossing analysis based on AFM images provided deeper insight into the microscopic details of the surface topography. With different etching times, it has been shown... 

The electrooxidation of clozapine (CLZ) was studied on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with a thin film of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/new coccine (NC) doped polypyrrole (PPY) by using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The pH of the supporting electrolyte (D), drop size of the cast MWCNTs suspension (E) and accumulation time of CLZ on the surface of modified electrode (F) was considered as effective experimental factors and the oxidation peak current of CLZ was selected as the response. By using factorial-based response-surface methodology, the optimum values of factors were obtained as 5.44, 10 μL and 300 s for D, E and F respectively. Under the optimized... 

By combination of 1-ethyl-3-methyl immidazolium ethyl sulfate as a typical room temperature ionic liquid (IL) and graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets, a nanocomposite was introduced for improving the direct electrochemistry and electrocatalytic activity of glucose oxidase (GOx). The enzyme on the IL-GO-modified glassy carbon electrode exhibited a quasireversible cyclic voltammogram corresponding to the flavine adenine dinucleotide/FADH2 redox prosthetic group of GOx. At the scan rate of 100 mV s-1, the enzyme showed a peak-to-peak potential separation of 82 mV and the formal potential of -463 mV (vs Ag/AgCl in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution, pH 7.0). The kinetic parameters of the charge transfer... 

Chemical vapour deposition (CVD) at atmospheric pressure, using TiCl 4 as a precursor, was used to grow nanostructured TiO2 films on glass substrates. At relatively low temperatures (∼245 °C) and using relatively high reactant concentrations, different nano-morphologies of TiO2 were formed simultaneously, such as spheres, nanowires and mesoporous structures. The TiO2 spheres were successfully applied as light-scattering particles in dye-sensitized solar cells, either by direct deposition onto electrodes in the reactor, or by preparation of a printing paste from the deposited particles. For dye-sensitized solar cells using the organic dye D35 as sensitizer and a cobalt-complex based redox... 

In this research, bioactive glass (BG) of the type CaO-P2O 5-SiO2 and nanocrystalline forsterite (NF) bioceramic were successfully synthesized via sol-gel processing method. Heat-treatment process was done to obtain phase-pure nanopowders. After characterization of each sample, the nanocomposite samples were prepared by cold pressing method and sintered at 1000°C. The samples were fully characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses. The average nanocrystallite size was determined using the Debye-Scherrer's formula 19.6 nm. The bioactivity was examined in vitro... 

Nickel-modified glassy carbon electrode (GC/Ni) prepared by galvanostatic deposition was used for the electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose in alkaline solutions where different electrochemical methods were employed. In cyclic voltammetry studies, in the presence of glucose an increase in the peak current of the oxidation of nickel hydroxide is followed by a decrease in the corresponding cathodic current. This suggests that the oxidation of glucose is being catalyzed through mediated electron transfer across the nickel hydroxide layer comprising nickel ions of various valence states. Under the chronoamperometric regime, the reaction followed a Cottrellian behavior and the diffusion...