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low-carbon-steel
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Corrosion inhibition of mild steel with tolyltriazole
, Article Materials Research ; Volume 24, Issue 4 , 2021 ; 15161439 (ISSN) ; Ghorbani, M ; Mokarami Ghartavol, H ; Sharif University of Technology
Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos
2021
Abstract
Tolyltriazole (TTA) is a well-defined corrosion inhibitor for copper and copper alloys. However, there is little literature about its corrosion inhibition performance for mild steels in corrosive environments. This paper studied the electrochemical behavior of TTA in 0.5 M HCl solutions. Also, the morphology and nature of TTA layers on the steel surface were investigated. Electrochemical results showed that TTA is an excellent corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in acidic media with an efficiency of 91% for 0.07 M concentration. The results also indicated that TTA is a mixed-type inhibitor. XRD analysis revealed that the inhibition mechanism of TTA is based on the formation of an organic film...
Numerical study of shunting effect in three-steel sheets resistance spot welding
, Article International Journal of Engineering, Transactions B: Applications ; Volume 35, Issue 2 , 2022 , Pages 406-416 ; 1728144X (ISSN) ; Farrahi, G. H ; Minaei, M ; Masajedi, R ; Gholamnia, M ; Shademani, M ; Sharif University of Technology
Materials and Energy Research Center
2022
Abstract
The main purpose of the present research is to investigate the shunting phenomenon in a three-sheet RSW joint usingfinite element simulation. To this end, a three-sheet resistance spot weldingjoint was simulatedas an electrical-thermal-mechanical couplingproblem.Tovalidate the presentedsimulation, the finite element results were compared with the experimental results, including nugget size and geometric shapein theresistance spot weldingjoint.Afterwards, the multi-spot welds of three-sheet low carbon steels with the same thicknesses were analyzed considering the sequential distance of 45 mm. Various techniques, includingnewspot-welddiametermeasurement, electrical current density, electrical...
Constrained groove pressing of low carbon steel: Nano-structure and mechanical properties
, Article Materials Science and Engineering A ; Volume 527, Issue 16-17 , 2010 , Pages 4043-4049 ; 09215093 (ISSN) ; Kazeminezhad, M ; Kokabi, A. H ; Sharif University of Technology
2010
Abstract
In this study a severe plastic deformation method called constrained groove pressing (CGP) is used for imposing a high magnitude of strain into the low carbon steel sheets. Microstructural changes during process are examined by X-ray diffraction and optical observations. The grain size evolution during severe plastic deformation is studied using Williamson-Hall analysis on XRD pattern of the deformed samples. In effective strain of 4.64, ferrite grains with a submicron size of 200-300nm are achieved. The results show that constrained groove pressing can effectively refine the coarse-grained structure to an ultra fine grain range. Mechanical properties changes due to microstructure evolution...
A Study on Deformation Behavior During Asymmetrical Rolling of Low Carbon Steels and Subsequent Microstructural Phenomena
, M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology ; Serajzadeh, Siamak (Supervisor)
Abstract
In this study, static recrystallization (Rex) of a low carbon steel after cold rolling has bees simulated under non-isothermal condition by employing cellular automata (CA) method. Symmetric cold rolling and asymmetric cold rolling (ASR) which was arisen by inequality of friction coefficient have been applied as primary cold deformation. Residual stress and strain field after deformation, and temperature rate and distribution of specimens during annealing has been evaluated by employing two different models based on finite element method. Initial microstructure has been developed by haphazardly distribution of grains and topological adjustments were imposed on it. Results of FEM models were...
3D finite element analysis and experimental validation of constrained groove pressing-cross route as an SPD process for sheet form metals
, Article International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology ; Volume 73, Issue 9-12 , August , 2014 , Pages 1291-1305 ; ISSN: 02683768 ; Abbaszadeh, M ; Mohebpour, S. R ; Eskandari, H ; Sharif University of Technology
Abstract
A new modification of constrained groove pressing (CGP) process named as constrained groove pressing-cross route (CGP-CR) was suggested for severe plastic deformation (SPD) of sheet form metals with great potential for fabricating high strength nanostructured sheets. This process is based on the conventional CGP process including some modifications. One pass of this process includes eight stages (four corrugation and four flattening) and involves 90° cross-rotation between each two stages. As a result of each CGP-CR pass, a strain magnitude of ∼2.32 is imparted to the sample. To simulate the process, finite element modeling (FEM) was carried out using three-dimensional finite element...
Differential scanning calorimetry study of constrained groove pressed low carbon steel: Recovery, recrystallisation and ferrite to austenite phase transformation
, Article Materials Science and Technology (United Kingdom) ; Vol. 30, issue. 7 , 2014 , pp. 765-773 ; ISSN: 02670836 ; Kazeminezhad, M ; Sharif University of Technology
Abstract
Low carbon steel sheets are subjected to severe plastic deformation (SPD) via constrained groove pressing (CGP) up to five passes. As a result of this process, strain magnitude up to 5?8 is imposed to the sheets, which leads to grain size of 225 nm. These nanostructured steel sheets, due to their high dislocation density and ultrafine microstructure, are very sensitive to heating. In the present study, recovery, recrystallisation and ferrite to austenite phase transformation phenomena for the SPD steel are investigated using differential scanning calorimetry method. The results show that with increasing the strain in steel sheets, the deformed stored energy (released through recovery and...
Application of CGP-cross route process for microstructure refinement and mechanical properties improvement in steel sheets
, Article Journal of Manufacturing Processes ; Volume 15, Issue 4 , 2013 , Pages 533-541 ; 15266125 (ISSN) ; Abbaszadeh, M ; Eskandari, H ; Mohebpour, S. R ; Sharif University of Technology
2013
Abstract
A modified method of severe plastic defomation (SPD) entitled constrained groove pressing-cross route (CGP-CR) was introduced for imposing a high magnitude of equivalent strain of about 2.32 per pass on the sheet form samples. The major benefit of this improved route compared to previous common route was the more homogeneity of strain in the rolling (RD) and transverse (TD) directions of sheets. In this study, low carbon steel samples were used for examination of evolutions in microstructure and mechanical properties during SPD via CGP-CR process. Mechanical properties improvement were measured by tensile and macro hardness tests. The results indicate that CGP-CR process can effectively...
Simulation of static recrystallization after cold side-pressing of low carbon steels using cellular automata
, Article Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance ; Volume 21, Issue 8 , 2012 , Pages 1553-1561 ; 10599495 (ISSN) ; Serajzadeh, S ; Sharif University of Technology
Abstract
In this article, the finite element and cellular automata models are coupled to determine static recrystallization kinetics after cold deformation of low carbon steels. The deformation analysis is first performed to predict the strain, stress, and stored energy distributions within the deformed steel employing the finite element software, ABAQUS. Then, the kinetics of static recrystallization and distribution of recrystallized grain size are evaluated by means of a cellular automata model together with the stored energy calculated by the deformation analysis. To examine the predictions, the experimental results of recrystallized fractions and grain sizes after cold side-pressing of low...
Mechanical properties and microstructure of resistance spot welded severely deformed low carbon steel
, Article Materials Science and Engineering A ; Volume 529, Issue 1 , 2011 , Pages 237-245 ; 09215093 (ISSN) ; Kazeminezhad, M ; Kokabi, A. H ; Sharif University of Technology
2011
Abstract
The welding of nanostructured low carbon steel sheets produced by severe plastic deformation (SPD) has been considered in the present paper. Constrained groove pressing (CGP) method is used for imposing the severe plastic deformation to the steel sheets as a large pre-strain. The SPDed sheets are joined using resistance spot welding (RSW) process. The results show that severe plastic deformation can effectively increase the electrical resistivity of steel sheets; therefore it can affect the microstructure and mechanical properties of spot welds. Microstructure and mechanical properties of fusion zone, heat affected zone (HAZ), recrystallized zone and base metal of SPDed sheets are...
The annealing phenomena and thermal stability of severely deformed steel sheet
, Article Materials Science and Engineering A ; Volume 528, Issue 15 , June , 2011 , Pages 5212-5218 ; 09215093 (ISSN) ; Kazeminezhad, M ; Sharif University of Technology
2011
Abstract
However, there are many works on annealing process of SPDed non-ferrous metals, there are limit works on annealing process of SPDed low carbon steel. Therefore, in this study the annealing responses after constrained groove pressing (CGP) of low carbon steel sheets have been investigated. The sheets are subjected to severe plastic deformation at room temperature by CGP method up to three passes. Nano-structured low carbon steel sheets produced by severe plastic deformation are annealed at temperature range of 100-600 °C for 20. min. The changes of their microstructures after deformation and annealing are studied by optical microscopy. The effects of large strain and annealing temperature on...
Kinetics of static strain aging after temper rolling of low carbon steel
, Article Ironmaking and Steelmaking ; Volume 38, Issue 4 , 2011 , Pages 314-320 ; 03019233 (ISSN) ; Serajzadeh, S ; Sharif University of Technology
Abstract
In this study, static strain aging behaviour of cold rolled steel strips was considered with emphasis on the distribution of residual hydrostatic stress developed during temper rolling. In order to assess residual stress distribution produced by the temper rolling, a three-dimensional model was first employed. Then, samples were rolled at a reduction of 4% under single and double pass rolling programmes and the kinetics of static strain aging phenomenon as well as the required activation energies were then evaluated using hardness and tensile tests on the deformed samples. Considering the predicted residual hydrostatic stress distribution, it was found that tensile hydrostatic stresses...
Effect of welding parameters on residual stresses in dissimilar joint of stainless steel to carbon steel
, Article Journal of Materials Science ; Volume 46, Issue 9 , 2011 , Pages 3225-3232 ; 00222461 (ISSN) ; Serajzadeh, S ; Kokabi, A. H ; Fischer, A ; Sharif University of Technology
2011
Abstract
In this study, a thermo-mechanical model was utilized to investigate the effects of welding parameters on the distribution of residual stresses in dissimilar TIG welds of low carbon and ferritic stainless steels. To solve the governing thermal and mechanical problems, a finite element program, ANSYS, was employed while the different aspects such as welding sequence and dilution were considered in the numerical solution. To validate the predictions, the model results were compared with the residual stresses measured by X-ray diffraction technique and a reasonable agreement was found. The results show that the magnitude of tensile residual stresses decrease as the welding current increases...
Metallurgical characteristics and failure mode transition for dissimilar resistance spot welds between ultra-fine grained and coarse-grained low carbon steel sheets
, Article Materials Science and Engineering A ; Volume 637 , 2015 , Pages 12-22 ; 09215093 (ISSN) ; Kazeminezhad, M ; Kokabi, A. H ; Sharif University of Technology
Elsevier Ltd
2015
Abstract
We studied the microstructure and mechanical characteristics of spot welded specimens, fabricated from low carbon steel sheets with different microstructures. Both ultra-fine grained (UFG) steel sheet and coarse grained (CG) steel sheet were used. The refined microstructure of the UFG steel has been produced by severe plastic deformation (SPD) using the constrained groove pressing (CGP) method. The grain size of the base metals was approximately 260. nm and 30. μm in diameter, respectively, in the UFG and CG steels. Examining the microstructure of a cross section cut through the spot weld reveals a similar grain size and phase distribution in the nugget on both the sides of the initial...
Welding metallurgy of dissimilar AISI 430/DQSK steels resistance spot welds
, Article Welding Journal ; Volume 94, Issue 6 , 2015 , Pages 203s-210s ; 00432296 (ISSN) ; Marashi, S. P. H ; Alizadeh Sh, M ; Sharif University of Technology
American Welding Society
2015
Abstract
This paper addresses the microstructure and mechanical performance of dissimilar resistance spot welds between AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel and drawing quality special killed (DQSK) low-carbon steel. The mechanical properties of the welds are described by peak load, failure energy, and failure mode during the tensile-shear test. Phase transformations in the fusion zone (FZ) and heat-affected zone (HAZ) are analyzed. The main metallurgical features of the weldment are the formation of a dual-phase, ferrite-martensite microstructure in the FZ, grain growth and martensite formation in the HAZ of the ferritic stainless steel side, and martensitic and eutectoid transformations in the HAZ of...
Three dimensional finite element modeling of laser solid freeform fabrication of cobalt alloy stellite 21 with 1.5% nanoCeO2 on the low carbon steel 1015
, Article Physics Procedia, 21 September 2010 through 24 September 2010, Erlangen ; Volume 5, Issue PART 2 , 2010 , Pages 405-411 ; 18753884 (ISSN) ; Ebrahimi, A ; Zakeri, S. S ; Sharif University of Technology
2010
Abstract
Our purpose is to model the multilayer laser solid freeform fabrication (LSFF) process for the material properties of low carbon steel 1015 for workpiece and cobalt alloy stellite 21 with 1.5 wt.% nano CeO2 as the powder particles. In this paper, transient heat transfer and mass transfer equations in laser solid freeform fabrication process are solved by Finite Element Method (FEM). In this approach, the geometry of the deposited material, temperature and thermal stress fields across the process area are predicted. For each layer the clad height is computed and computations are done by the use of MATLAB and COMSOL software
The effect of dynamic strain aging on subsequent mechanical properties of dual-phase steels
, Article Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance ; Volume 19, Issue 4 , June , 2010 , Pages 607-610 ; 10599495 (ISSN) ; Ekrami, A ; Sharif University of Technology
2010
Abstract
Dual-phase (DP) steels with different martensite contents were produced by subjecting a low carbon steel to various heat treatment cycles. In order to investigate the effect of dynamic strain aging (DSA) on mechanical properties, tensile specimens were deformed 3% at 300 °C. Room temperature tensile tests of specimens which deformed at 300 °C showed that both yield and ultimate tensile strengths increased, while total elongation decreased. The fatigue limit increased after pre-strain in the DSA temperature range. The effects of martensite volume fraction on mechanical properties were discussed
Effect of starting microstructure through severe plastic deformation and Ultra-Rapid annealing of Low-Carbon steel
, Article Steel Research International ; Volume 87, Issue 11 , 2016 , Pages 1527-1533 ; 16113683 (ISSN) ; Kazeminezhad, M ; Sharif University of Technology
Wiley-VCH Verlag
Abstract
In this research, low-carbon steel sheets with two different microstructures containing carbides (as-received steel) and pearlites (austenitized steel) are subjected to severe plastic deformation (SPD), and ultra-rapid annealing (URA) is applied with the heating rate of 200 °C s−1 up to the intercritical temperature near Ac1. Microstructure of SPDed as-received steel after URA is consisted of fully refined ferrite grains surrounded by fine pearlites; but for SPDed austenitized steel, grain refinement is not observed, and microstructure is consisted of martensite and high fraction of coarse non-recrystallized ferrite. Presence of carbides for SPDed as-received steel leads to strong...
Surrogate-based pareto optimization of annealing parameters for severely deformed steel
, Article Materials and Design ; Volume 92 , 2016 , Pages 1062-1069 ; 02641275 (ISSN) ; Lee, K ; Kazeminezhad, M ; Kang, B. S ; Sharif University of Technology
Elsevier Ltd
2016
Abstract
Severe plastic deformation (SPD) is a metalworking technique that is used for the enhancement of the strength and hardness of metallic materials. As SPD causes ductility deterioration, materials typically necessitate annealing for ductility increase; however, annealing may conversely affect strength and hardness. Thus, to optimally balance strength, hardness, and ductility, this study determined annealing conditions with a severely deformed low carbon steel sheet by adjusting annealing time and temperature. For the facilitation of the annealing process optimization, measurements of strength, hardness, and ductility under various annealing conditions were represented by regression Kriging....
Enhancing the mechanical properties and formability of low carbon steel with dual-phase microstructures
, Article Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance ; Volume 25, Issue 2 , 2016 , Pages 382-389 ; 10599495 (ISSN) ; Hashemi, R ; Sadeghi, E ; Fazaeli, A ; Ghazanfari, A ; Lashini, H ; Sharif University of Technology
Springer New York LLC
Abstract
In the present study, a special heat treatment cycle (step quenching) was used to produce a dual-phase (DP) microstructure in low carbon steel. By producing this DP microstructure, the mechanical properties of the investigated steel such as yield stress, tensile strength, and Vickers hardness were increased 14, 55, and 38%, respectively. In order to investigate the effect of heat treatment on formability of the steel, Nakazima forming test was applied and subsequently finite element base modeling was used to predict the outcome on forming limit diagrams. The results show that the DP microstructure also has a positive effect on formability. The results of finite element simulations are in a...
Role of zinc layer in resistance spot welding of aluminium to steel
, Article Materials and Design ; Volume 102 , 2016 , Pages 106-114 ; 02641275 (ISSN) ; Movahedi, M ; Kokabi, A. H ; Sharif University of Technology
Elsevier Ltd
2016
Abstract
Effects of zinc layer on microstructure and mechanical behavior of resistance spot welds of aluminum to galvanized (GS-Al joint) and low carbon steel (PS-Al joint) were explored. The results showed that although nugget 'volume' in PS-Al joint was larger, the nugget 'diameters' of PS-Al and GS-Al joints were almost the same in size since the melted zinc layer was pushed toward the outer regions of the nugget. Melting and evaporation of zinc coat led to reduction of Al-Fe intermetallic layer thickness. Presence of zinc also reduced the fixture-induced tensile stress. Utilizing carbon steel fixtures during welding caused a sensible vibration in the joint members. The vibration resulted in...