Sharif Digital Repository

This paper presents a numerical simulation approach to investigate the water effect as an auxiliary fluid in direct contact with various phase change materials (PCMs). The technique is defined as a hybrid method due to the using of an external intermediary for melting process improvement. Oleic acid (OA), coconut oil (CO), hexadecane, and heptadecane are selected as PCMs due to immiscibility in water and differences in density, melting point, and enthalpy of fusion. An auxiliary fluid is embedded above PCM in an enclosure subjected to sinusoidal wall temperature for melting rate increase through density differences improving heat transfer rate due to materials displacement during process.... 

The present study investigates the effect of different volume ratios of PCM on the melting process and energy storage in the improved thermal energy storage (TES) system using auxiliary fluid. The purpose of using the auxiliary fluid is to benefit from the density difference between the auxiliary fluid and the PCM, which improves the convection heat transfer in the auxiliary fluid and increases the melting speed of the PCM. The auxiliary fluid, which has a higher density, is placed on the solid PCM at the beginning of the melting process and takes the place of the melted PCM during the melting process. This displacement causes better heat transfer between auxiliary fluid, PCM, and hot wall.... 

The numerical simulation of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger (STHE) depends on a large number of computational cells. The number of computational cells increases dramatically with increasing heat transfer surfaces in heat exchangers, such as increasing the number of tubes or using dimples as modified surfaces. Computational cost is one of the critical parameters in many industrial applications for heat exchanger analysis. The present study uses the P-NTU thermal analysis method, proposes correlations to predict heat transfer inside and outside the tubes, and then analyzes the STHE with elliptical dimples. The analytical approach shows 0.8% and 9% errors for two STHEs with specified heat... 

Thermal energy storage (TES) occurs by changing the internal energy of materials in the form of sensible heat, latent heat, and thermo-chemical heat or a combination thereof. Latent heat storage (LHS) by phase change materials (PCMs) has many applications among these storage techniques. Despite the many advantages of LHS, the main problem of LHS systems using PCMs is their low thermal conductivity, which necessitates the combination of heat transfer enhancement techniques. Numerous diverse studies have utilized only one improvement method, while limited research has employed hybrid enhancement techniques. The typical improvement methods, such as adding nanomaterials, using fins, employing... 

Regarding hard situations like war, the increasing cost of extraction and exploration of fossil fuels make governments move toward green and clear renewable energy (RE). As a result, we propose a novel multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method for RE location (REL) for the first time. This model suggests a Robust, Resilience MCDM with Risk approach (RRMCDMR) for REL. We propose a risk approach by adding a risk function in MCDM. A robust convex approach is used to tackle the uncertainty of the model for the real world. We compare the RRMCDMR problem in a wind farm location in Iran with different risk coefficient functions. As defined, Khaf, Nehbandan, and Esfarayan are in locations one to... 

The electrosynthesis of polypyrrole (PPy) film has been achieved on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in aqueous medium of Congo red (CR) by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV). The modified electrode exhibits high electrocatalytic activity toward dopamine (DA) oxidation, with drastic enhancement of the reversibility and peak currents. This modified electrode, due to electrostatic interactions, is capable to mask the response of ascorbic acid (AA) completely and provide an effective method for the detection of minor amounts of dopamine in the presence of high concentrations of AA. The electrochemical response of the film modified electrode is strongly dependent to the switching potential applied in... 

A modified carbon-paste electrode (CPE) is prepared by incorporating thionine-nafion supported on multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT). The electrochemical behavior of dopamine (DA) and ascorbic acid (AA) on the surface of the modified electrode is investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The results show that thionine effectively immobilized in the matrix of the paste by using an appropriate mixture of nafion/MWCNT under the ultrasonic condition. On the other hand, presence of nafion enhances the stability of the thionine supported by MWCNT in the composite electrode and improves the reproducibility of the surface of the modified electrode under renewing process by polishing. The results of... 

A carbon-paste electrode (CPE) is modified by incorporating cobalt-5-nitrosalophen (CoNSal) and tetraoctylammonium bromide (TOAB). The mechanism of electrocatalytic oxidation of dopamine (DA) and ascorbic acid (AA) at the surface of the CoNSal-modified CPE containing various percents of TOAB is thoroughly investigated by cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry. In solutions of pH 5.0, in which all studies are performed, DA exists as the positively charged species whereas AA is mainly as the neutral form. Therefore, the favorable ionic interaction (electrostatic repulsion) between the cationic form of DA and the cationic surfactant (TOA+) caused increasing the overvoltage for DA and... 

A composition of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), Nafion and cobalt(II)-5-nitrosalophen (CoNSal) is applied for the modification of carbon-paste electrode (CPE). The pretreated MWCNT is well dispersed in the alcoholic solution of Nafion under the ultrasonic agitation, and the resulted suspension is used as modifier (with 10% w/w) in the matrix of the paste electrode. The prepared electrode further modified by addition of 3 wt% of CoNSal. The resulted modified electrode is used as a sensitive voltammetric sensor for simultaneous determination of uric acid (UA) and ascorbic acid (AA). The electrode showed efficient electrocatalytic activity in lowering the anodic overpotentials and... 

MOEMS (Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical System) are MEMS in which the optical part plays a dominant role. The use of MOEMS as scanners and projectors has been studied lately. For high speed scanning applications, electrostatic comb drive actuation has several advantages. In this paper, we demonstrate the application of sliding mode control scheme for amplitude control of comb-actuated resonant microscanners. This method that leads to a simple and practical control function is simply extendable for microscanners with other type of actuation and even for any kind of oscillators that need amplitude control. The functionality and performance of the presented scheme is verified using numerical  

With advances in technology, Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) radars have attracted a lot of attention in different modern military and civilian applications. As there are multiple receivers in a MIMO radar system, the cost can significantly be reduced if we can reduce the sampling rate and send fewer samples to the common processing center. Sometimes, the problem is not even the cost. It is the technology issues of high sampling rates such as the necessity of high-rate Analog-to-Digital (A/D) converters. The reduction in sampling rate can be achieved using Compressive Sensing (CS) or, in a much simpler form, Random Sampling (RS). In CS, we take a number of linear combinations of sparse... 

With advances in technology, Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) radars have attracted a lot of attention in different modern military and civilian applications. As there are multiple receivers in a MIMO radar system, the cost can significantly be reduced if we can reduce the sampling rate and send fewer samples to the common processing center. Sometimes, the problem is not even the cost. It is the technology issues of high sampling rates such as the necessity of high-rate Analog-to-Digital (A/D) converters. The reduction in sampling rate can be achieved using Compressive Sensing (CS) or, in a much simpler form, Random Sampling (RS). In CS, we take a number of linear combinations of sparse... 

A chemically modified carbon-paste electrode (CPE) is prepared by incorporating congo red (CR) immobilized on multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT). The results show that CR is effectively immobilized on the surface of MWCNT under the ultrasonic agitation in aqueous solution and further incorporating the nafion. The prepared electrode, due to the electrostatic repulsions between the CR and ascorbate anion, is capable to mask the response of the ascorbic acid (AA) completely and provide an effective method for the detection of minor amounts of uric acid (UA) in the presence of high concentrations of AA. On the other hand, an increase in the microscopic area of the electrode by addition of... 

In this paper, we analyze the basic principles of the spread-space holographic code division multiple access (CDMA) technique. We describe the structure of the encoder and decoder and present a basic mathematical analysis based on spatial harmonic decomposition for the receiver's processing module, which is comprised of a Fourier transform lens and a holographic matched filter. Subsequently, we study two applications of optical holographic CDMA, namely, free-space holographic CDMA photonic switch and free-space (wireless) multiaccess optical (infrared) indoor communications. For both techniques, we describe the two-dimensional imaging techniques, namely user's code transmission, and... 

In this paper we study an application of optical Holographic CDMA for free-space (wireless) optical (infrared) indoor communications. First, we describe the principles of the spread-space Holographic CDMA indicating the structure of the encoder and decoder and describe mathematically the receiver's processing module which is comprised of a Fourier transform lens and a holographic matched-filter. Then, we study the performance of an indoors infrared communication link using spot-diffused configuration. Free-space optical Holographic CDMA processing gain (PG) can in principle be as high as 106-108 and each user can have different modulating signals (Analog or Digital), or different information...