Sharif Digital Repository

In this research, numerical optimization of the rear part of a gas turbine, consisting of a single stage axial turbine is carried out. Automated aerodynamic shape optimization is performed by coupling a CFD flow simulation code with the Genetic Algorithm. An effective multi-point optimization method to improve efficiency and/or pressure ratio of the axial turbine is performed. Some variations of optimization parameters such as lean and sweep angels of stator and rotor blades are accomplished. Furthermore, during the optimization process, three-dimensional and turbulent flow field is numerically investigated using a compressible Navier-Stokes solver. The gas turbine experimental... 

Recently, isogeometric methodology has been successfully implemented in one-step inverse analysis of sheet metal stamping processes. However, these models are not capable of analyzing forming processes which require severe deformation and/or several forming stages. This paper presents a multi-step inverse isogeometric methodology to enhance the precision of one-step models in predictions of the initial blank, strain distributions, and drawability of the formed parts. This methodology deals with the minimization of potential energy, deformation theory of plasticity, and considering membrane elements. The presented methodology utilizes the NURBS basis functions to create the final, middle, and... 

The forming limit stress diagram (FLSD) has been reported as being much less path dependent and much more favourable than the forming limit diagram (FLD) in representing forming limits in the numerical simulation of sheet metal forming processes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a methodology for the prediction of the forming limits both in strain and stress forms. All simulations are based on strain gradient theory of plasticity in conjunction with the Marciniak-Kuczynski (M-K) approach. This approach introduces an internal length scale into conventional constitutive equations and takes into account the effects of deformation inhomogeneity and material softening. The... 

The influence of sheet thickness on sheet metal forming limits is a controversial issue; while some investigations indicate the considerable influence of thickness on forming limit diagrams (FLDs), others suggest that it is of negligible importance. In the present work, it has been demonstrated that if the thickness-reduction process is chosen so as not to alter the micro structure of the material, the forming limits do not change with variations of thickness. A material which has extensive usage in sheet metal forming processes of automotive industry (St14) has been provided. The initial thickness of the sheet is 1.5mm and using grinding process (which does not alter the microstructure) the... 

In spite of the fact that the experimental results indicate the significant effect of strain rate on forming limits of sheets, this effect is neglected in all theoretical methods of prediction of Forming Limit Diagrams (FLDs). The purpose of this paper is to modify the most renowned theoretical method of determination of FLDs (e.g., M-K model) so as to enable it to take into account the effect of strain rate. To achieve this aim, the traditional assumption of preexistence of an initial geometrical inhomogeneity in the sheet has been replaced with the assumption of a preexisting "material" inhomogeneity. It has been shown that using this assumption, the strain rate would not be omitted from... 

The capability to standardize the fracture strength of solder joints is an effective tool to investigate the reliability of electronic devices. To achieve this purpose, in this research, the influences of joint arrangement (loading arm and load sharing) on the level of constraint imposed on joint deformation, fracture energy, and generally, fracture behavior of solder joints were investigated. Fracture behavior of solder joints using double-cantilever-beam (DCB) specimens as a function of loading arm and load sharing (i.e., the distance between two solder joints) was studied under mode I loading conditions at a strain rate of 0.03 s−1. By increasing the loading arm, the fracture force, Fci,... 

A stress-based forming limit diagram for necking prediction which is based on the strain gradient theory of plasticity in conjunction with the M-K model has been represented and used in tube hydroforming. In this study, the finite element model for bulge forming of straight tube has been constructed and verified with published experimental data. The adaptive simulation technique is based on the ability to detect the onset and growth of defects (e.g., wrinkling, and bursting) and to promptly readjust the loading paths. Thus, a suitable load path has been obtained by applying Adaptive Simulation Method in ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL)  

The axial turbine is one of the most challenging components of gas turbines for industrial and aerospace applications. With the ever-increasing requirement for high-aerodynamic performance blades, three-dimensional aerodynamic shape optimization is of great importance. In this research, the rear part of a gas turbine consisting of a one-stage axial turbine is optimized numerically. A useful optimization algorithm is presented to improve the efficiency and/or pressure ratio of the axial turbine with two different objective functions. The three-dimensional blade-shape optimization is employed to study the effects of the turbine stator and rotor lean and sweep angles on the turbine performance.... 

In this research, numerical optimization of the rear part of a gas turbine, consisting of a single-stage axial turbine, is carried out. Automated aerodynamic shape optimization is performed by coupling a CFD flow simulationcode with the genetic algorithm. An effective multipointoptimization method to improve efficiency and/or pressure ratio of the axial turbine is performed. Some variations of optimization parameters such as lean and sweep angels of stator and rotor blades are accomplished. Furthermore, during the optimization process, three-dimensionaland turbulent flow field is numerically investigatedusing a compressible Navier-Stokes solver. The gas turbine experimental investigations... 

In this paper, the so-called small time-step instability in finite element simulation of the fluid part is considered in fluid-structure interaction (FSI) problems in which a high-frequency vibrating structure interacts with an incompressible fluid. Such a situation is common in many microfluid manipulating devices. A treatment has been proposed that uses the dimensionless set of FSI governing equations in order to scale up the problem time step to a proper level that precludes the potential small time-step instability. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional finite element simulations of a mechanical micropumping device are performed to verify the efficiency of the presented approach. Solid... 

A new design for a valveless micropumping device has been proposed that integrates two existing pumping technologies, namely, the wall induced traveling wave and the obstacle-type valveless micropump. The liquid in the microchannel is transported by generating a traveling wave on the channel, while the placing of two asymmetric trapezoid obstacles, along the centerline of the channel inlet and outlet, leads to a significant (up to seven times) increase of the net flow rate of the device. The effectiveness of this innovative design has been proved through a verified three-dimensional finite element model. FluidStructure Interaction (FSI) analysis is performed in the framework of an Arbitrary... 

In tube hydroforming, the inverse finite element method (IFEM) has been used for estimating the initial length of tube, axial feeding and fluid pressure. The already developed IFEM algorithm used in this work is based on the total deformation theory of plasticity. Although the nature of tube hydroforming is three-dimensional deformation, in this paper a modeling technique has been used to perform the computations in two-dimensional space. Therefore, compared with conventional forward finite element methods, the present computations are quite fast with no trial and error process. In addition, the solution provides all the components of strain. Using the forming limit diagram (FLD), the... 

Ideal orientations are one of the material characteristics of the applied mode of deformation. The transfer of material texture to orientations near specific ideal orientations can improve the mechanical properties of the material. In this paper, we focus on the determination of ideal orientations of BCC crystals under the equibiaxial tension mode of deformation. To do this, an Euler space scanning method based on a crystal plasticity approach is presented. In this method some initial orientations which are evenly spaced in the Euler space are selected and their evolutions into the ideal orientations are tracked. The loading is applied incrementally until all of the lattice spin components... 

This paper focuses on the determination of the complete set of ideal orientations of FCC materials in the equibiaxial tension mode of deformation. The simulations are based on the numerical procedure developed by the authors in which, a rate-sensitive crystal plasticity model with Secant hardening law was employed. The resulting nonlinear system of equations is solved by the modified Newton-Raphson method. An Euler space scanning method is used to obtain the ideal orientations of a deformation mode. In this method some initial orientations which are evenly spaced in the Euler space are selected and their evolutions into the ideal orientations are tracked. To verify the accuracy of the... 

The behaviour of a dislocation pileup with a finite-strength source is investigated in the presence of various stress gradients within a continuum model where a free-dislocation region exists around the source. Expressions for dislocation density and stress field within the pileup are derived for the situation where there are first and second spatial gradients in applied stress. For a pileup configuration under an applied stress, yielding occurs when the force acting on the leading dislocations at the pileup tips reaches the obstacle strength, and at the same time, it is required that the source be at the threshold stress for dislocation production. A numerical methodology is presented to... 

A continuum implementation of stress gradient plasticity is established to analyze passivated thin films under tension. It is verified and evaluated by investigation of the tensile response of passivated Cu films with different thicknesses and grain sizes. The material parameters are fitted to the stress-strain experimental data, while the length scale parameter is directly characterized from the corresponding available discrete dislocation predictions. The numerical solutions give rise to boundary layers near the interface between film and passivation. This prediction is consistent with the formation of dislocation pileups at the film-passivation interface and also is responsible for the... 

Material modeling of high strength steels plays an important role in the accurate analysis of autofrettaged tubes. Although, the loading behavior of such materials is nearly elasticperfectly plastic, their unloading behavior due to Bauschinger effect is very complicated. DIN1.6959 steel is frequently used for construction of autofrettaged tubes in some countries such as Germany and Switzerland. In spite of similarity between chemical compositions of this steel with that of A723 steel, due to different material processing, these two steels have an unlikely behavior. In this paper the material behavior of DIN1.6959 was accurately modeled by uniaxial tension-compression test results. Both 6 mm... 

An enhanced unfolding inverse finite element method (IFEM) is used together with an extended strain-based forming limit diagram (EFLD) to develop a fast and reliable approach to predict the feasibility of the deep drawing process of a part and determining where the failure or defects can occur. In the developed unfolding IFEM, the meshed part is properly fold out on the flat sheet and treated as a 2D problem to reduce the computation time. The large deformation relations, nonlinear material behavior and friction conditions in the blank holder zone are also considered to improve the accuracy and capability of the proposed IFEM. The extended strain-based forming limit diagram based on the... 

The main objective of this study is to predict the deformation behavior, strain localization, and forming limits of ferrite-pearlite steels by incorporating the contributions of the microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of the underlying microstructure. A realistic microstructure-based micromechanical approach in the framework of the crystal plasticity (CP) model was carried out using the periodic representative volume element (RVE) generated from the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image. The homogenized stress–strain curve of the realistic RVE was validated with the experimental data with an error of less than 6.71% at large strains. Afterward, the initial... 

In this paper a general variable material property (VMP) formulation for the solution of thick-walled tubes with constant axial strains was developed and compared with the alternative VMP method that is called the Hencky program The VMP method was initially developed for the analysis of plane stress and plane strain states. However, the actual autofrettage process is under constant axial strain, i.e., open-end and closed-end conditions. Results indicate very good agreement with the Hencky program. Our method is simple, accurate, and very efficient, so that the number of iterations for convergence reduces approximately to one-tenth of Hencky program iterations. The solution algorithm for...