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    What is it to be Physical?

    , M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology Borgheai, Bahram (Author) ; Golshani, Mahdi (Supervisor)
    Abstract
    In this text to find the answer of the question “ what is it to be physical” in a definition form or a scheme of the term physical, firstly we sought for a possible consensus among recent physicists and philosophers. But from their answers not only we did not find any clear consensus but also most of them confess that the term is ambiguous and unclear. In a general aspect, we can categorize the answers to two theoretical and realistic perspective. The theoretical perspective, beside circularity and Hempel’s triviality, seems not to present any criteria for being physical. In realistic perspective, it seems that there is no ontologic constraint for being physical, that is from “being... 

    Is Consciousness Explanable in Physics?

    , M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology Borgheai, Bahram (Author) ; Golshani, Mehdi (Supervisor)
    Abstract
    To answer the explanabilty of consciousness, we have first clarified the terms “consciousness”, “explanation”, and “physic”, concluding that consciousness and physics should be integrated in a single unified explanatory system. The common problem we have targeted in this work is “direct observation”. Then, inspired by Bergson, we have suggested that ,in direct observation, there is a unity between observer and the observed, out of which the qualitative characteristic of experience or qualia is constructed. Following computer graphic courses, this unity is called “rendering unity”. In the next scientific step, by analyzing the Wigner’s friend paradox, we have stipulated that, in direct... 

    Study of Supramolecular Chemistry of Fullerene (C60) with Azobenzene Tweezer Linking to Biaza-Crown Macrocycles Coordinated to Zinc Tetraphenylporphyrin

    , M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology (Author) ; Ghanbari, Bahram (Supervisor)
    Abstract
    In this project, in continuation of a PhD resreach undertaken in this research group in 2017, the synthesis and study of two new tweezer and linker molecule bearing azobenzene moiety were carried out, characterized by applying IR spectroscopy, ¹H and ¹³C {¹H} NMR, fluorescence spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, elemental analysis and X-ray crystallography. Firstly, interaction of T2 with meso-tetraphenylporphyrinato zinc(II) and aluminium tetraphenylporphyrinato were studied using the fluorescence spectroscopy. The formation constant of T2 in cis and trans isomer with ZnTPP was measured as 5.1(±0.4) ×108 and 2.0×108(±1074) dm6mol-2, respectively. The formation constant of T2 in with... 

    Synthesis of Azacrown Ethers N2O2 Ligands Substituted on the Ullerene and Investigation of Its Coordination Properties

    , M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology Khamseh, Leila (Author) ; Ghanbari, Bahram (Supervisor)
    Abstract
    The goal of this project was study on coordination behavior of the 14-membered macrocyclic ligand of type N2O2 aza-crown while it is attached to fullerene C60 nano-particle. For this purpose, firstly the macrocyclic ligand (Fig 3-1, L1) was synthesized and then was reacted with C60 (Fig 3-1, L2) of which the product was characterized by elemental analysis. Since the product was insoluble in any solvents, further study on its coordination chemistry was impossible. In a second procedure, the macrocyclic ligand was reacted with benzylbromide. The reaction mixture gave two macrocyclic ligands with different number of benzylic pendant groups (Fig 3-1, L3-L4). The products were separated by column... 

    Comparative Study on [60]Fullerene and Cu(II) Complexation with O2N3-Azacrowns

    , M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology Mahlooji, Niloofar (Author) ; Ghanbari, Bahram (Supervisor)
    Abstract
    The purpose of this project is to synthesis of O2N3-azacrown ligands with 17 to 21 membered ring and investigation of their interaction with C60 according to increase ring size. These macrocyclic ligands can be used in C60 purification. In this project, change in macrocyclic cavity for finding the best macrocycle with appropriate cavity to C60 size has been considered. Firstly, five O2N3-azacrown ligands were synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Interaction of these ligands were considered by electronic spectroscopy applying Benesi-Hildebrand equation. According to the results, it was found that the best macrocycle for formation of stable complex with... 

    Synthesis and Electrochemical Study of Endohedral Fullerenes Prepared by Arc Vaporizing Method

    , M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology Hashemi, Ali (Author) ; Ghanbari, Bahram (Supervisor)
    Abstract
    Fullerenes are molecular solid materials which are composed of 3D closed shell carbon-only structure. As soon as mass production of fullerenes was performed, the synthesis and characterization of endohedral fullerenes having at least one non-carbon element in the hollow fullerene cage, was started (in which about 30 atoms inserted in it so far). Furthermore, because of low efficiency and purity of these nano-particles, nowadays characterization of fullerenes is one of the most important research fields. In this project, we firstly optimized the fullerene production parameters in an arc discharge reactor to reach convenient efficiency. Then, the synthesis of endohedral fullerene by vaporizing... 

    (Synthesis and Comparative Study on Complexation of OxNy-Azacrown Macrocyclic Ligands with [60] Fullerene and Cu(II

    , M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology Varmazyad, Mahboubeh (Author) ; Ghanbari, Bahram (Supervisor)
    Abstract
    In our previous work in this laboratory, macrocycle containingO_2 N_2 and O_2 N_3- donor set with various ring size were synthesized. The intraction of macrocyles with [60]fullerene were determined. In this research, we synthesized 22-membered aza-crown macrocycle ligand containing O_4 N_2- donor set and characterized by NMRspectroscopy. The intraction of macrocycle with [60]fullerene were also investigated by UV-Visible spectroscopy. The formation constant was determined applying Benesi--Hildebrand equation. The result has been showed that O_4 N_2 macrocyle had better complexation with [60]fullerene in comparision of O_2 N_3 and O_2 N_2 donor sets. Then, the interaction of O_4 N_2 with... 

    Synthesis of C60 and Endohedral Fullerenes in New Multi-Channel Arc Reactor Equipped with Horizontal Graphite Electrodes

    , M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology Falahati, Reza (Author) ; Ghanbari, Bahram (Supervisor)
    Abstract
    One of the most common methods of producing fullerenes is electric arc vaporization of graphite. Due to the low yield and purity of the nanoparticles in this method, the synthesis and isolation of the area research is important. In this work, the production was improved in a multi-channel arc reactor in which having horizontal graphite electrodes. The influence of various operational parameters such as pressure of inert gas, spark time, interval time between two sparks, voltage and current were completely optimized. Moreover, the prominent advantage of the new reactor was increasing the number of manufacturing units, at least from one to three, which the production of fullerene was... 

    Extractive Summarization based Cognitive Science of Human Mind for Narrative Text

    , M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology Sadeghi, Sareh (Author) ; Vazirnezhad, Bahram (Supervisor)
    Abstract
    In this project, a summarization system, which works for narrative text, based on cognitive science has been designed. Its results due to its different approach have been satisfactory. Since summarization has a direct relationship with comprehension of text. This system has been designed based on situational model, a famous theory related to comprehension of text.According to this theory, as human read a text, they extract five features for comprehension of text. The features are temporality, place, causality, protagonists, and intentionality. The make a frame based on these features. Event- Indexing model pays attention to all of these features, so it has been used for the summarization... 

    Synthesis of Azacrown Macrocyclic Ligand with Pendant Arms and Study of Their Complexation with [60] Fullerene and Cu(II) Cation

    , M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology Kazemi, Ameneh (Author) ; Ghanbari, Bahram (Supervisor)
    Abstract
    In this research, four N2O2–azacrown macrocyclic ligands with naphthalene pendant arms (L1-L4) were synthesized using direct synthesis. The products were characterized applying 1H and 13C {1H} NMR spectroscopy, IR and Mass spectrometry. Interaction of these ligands with [60]fullerene and Cu(II) were monitored respectively by fluorescent as well as UV-vis spectroscopy and applying Benesi-Hildebrand equation. These intercations were compared with N2O2 macrocyclic ligands in previous experiments in terms of their calculated association constants (Ka). According to our results, the presence of naphthalene pendant arm groups led to increase the interaction with [60]fullerene compared to the... 

    Synthesis and Comparative Study on Complex Formation of Azo-bearing Nitrogen-Donor Macrocyclic Ligands with Fullerene C60 and Cu(II) Cation

    , Ph.D. Dissertation Sharif University of Technology Mahdavian, Mahsa (Author) ; Ghanbari, Bahram (Supervisor)
    Abstract
    In the present research, a series of bimacrocyclic tweezer anchored through azobenzene moiety were synthesized and characterized by applying IR spectroscopy, 1H and 13C{1H} NMR, fluorescence spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis and in some cases by X-ray crystallography. Firstly, UV-visible spectroscopy established that the irradiation of the tweezers with UV light promoted the trans to cis isomerization. On the other hand, thermal cis-trans isomerization behavior of the azobenzene moiety in tweezers was surveyed in which the cis isomers were formed of the heating at 50 oC for 5 minutes. Where the -OH group was replaced with 4-toluenesulfonyl... 

    Study of NxOy Macrocycles Bearing Peripheral Functional Groups as Axial Ligands of Zinc Tetraphenylporphyrin

    , M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology Barkhordari, Kimia (Author) ; Ghanbari, Bahram (Supervisor)
    Abstract
    In this project, M2 macrocyclic ligand, bearing three pyridine side arms (3p) was synthesized and characterized by employing elemental analysis and 1H NMR, 13C NMR and IR methods. The interaction of 3p with zinc tetraphenylporphyrin was investigated, using fluorescence and UV-vis spectroscopy in solution phase. The observed quenching in the fluorescence spectrum alongside Q band shift in UV-vis spectrum indicate on the interaction of 3p with ZnTPP. The formation constant for these interactions in 1:1 ratio was calculated 10100 M-1, employing fluorescence method. The formation constant was calculated 630 M-1 for 1:2 ratio for 3p:ZnTPP. Having 1:2 ratio 3pZnTPP was also synthesized and... 

    Synthesis of Aza-Crown Macrocyclic Ligand Appended with Side Arms and Study of their Coordination and Supramolecular Chemistry with Cu2+ and C60

    , M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology Rezvanifar, Maryam (Author) ; Ghanbari, Bahram (Supervisor)
    Abstract
    In the present study, the coordination chemistry of an O4N4-tetrabenza-crown ether macrocyclic ligand L1 with M2+ (M= Cu, Cd, Hg, and Pb) was investigated by employing UV-visible, 1H-NMR spectroscopy in their solutions. According to the association constants calculated by 1H-NMR titrations, the complex formation stability for these closed shell cations was found in a series of Pb > Hg > Cd, leading to the larger cation, the better accommodation with L1. Moreover, the supramolecular interaction of L1 with fullerene C60 was also assessed by UV-visible spectroscopy. Meanwhile, the structure of [Cd(1)]2+ complex was determine by X-ray crystallographic method in their solid state. A square... 

    Comparative Study of Anti-oxidant Property of Fullerene C60 and its Amine Derivatives: the Effect of Transition Metal Complexes

    , M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology Tangeysh, Behzad (Author) ; Ghanbari, Bahram (Supervisor)
    Abstract
    Since the discovery of fullerene C60, its chemical and physical properties have been a hot topic in the field of research. For the past two decades remarkable developments achieved in the field of fullerenes chemistry. The aim of this study is comparative study of antioxidant property of fullerene C60 and its amine derivatives and the effect of transition metal complexes. At the outset the anti-oxidative property of fullerene C60 and its amine derivatives explored and it was found that by increasing the chain length of amines, the anti-oxidative property of aminofullerenes increased respectively. In next step the effect of CoSALEN complex on anti-oxidative property of fullerene was... 

    Synthesis of N2O2N Azacrown Macrocyclic Ligands and Comparative Study on the Complexation of Ligands with [60]Fullerene and Cu(II)

    , M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology Shahhosseini, Leila (Author) ; Ghanbari, Bahram (Supervisor)
    Abstract
    By considering previous experiments undertaken in our laboratory on O2Nx (x=2,3) azacrown complexes with [60]fullerene, it was found that factors such as the macroring size, type and number of the donors groups in these macrocyclic ligands had significant effects on their selectivity towards [60]fullerene complexation. In this research, three N2O2N–azacrown macrocyclic ligand having uniform distribution of nitrogen atoms in macroring was synthesized using direct synthesis and high dilution method. The products were characterized applying 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy as well as elemental analysis. Interaction of these ligands with [60]fullerene and Cu(II) were monitored by UV-vis spectroscopy... 

    Synthesis and Characterization of NxOy-Naphthodiazacrowns and Study of Supramolecular Chemistry with C60 and Cu(II)

    , M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology Jamjah, Ali (Author) ; Ghanbari, Bahram (Supervisor)
    Abstract
    New N4O6 molecular tweezers were synthesized from N2O2 benzo- and naphthodiazacrown macrocycles bearing benzylic dialdehydes as a flexible and semi-flexible spacer in a short time and at room temperature. The products were characterized by IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy as well as elemental microanalysis. The interactions of some of these tweezers with C60, Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Hg(II) and Mn(II) were investigated by employing UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. Efficient fluorescence responses for 2NM3BD were observed in the presence of C60, Cu(II), Mn(II), Hg(II) and Zn(II). Meanwhile, the calculation of the association constants (K¬BH) employing Benesi-Hildebrand equation in... 

    Study on the Influence of the Functional Groups of Schiff Base Complexes on Oxygen Adsorption and Catalysis

    , M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology Roshdi Ferdosi, Shayesteh (Author) ; Ghanbari, Bahram (Supervisor)
    Abstract
    Co(salen)-type complexes: Co(salen), Co(salophen), Co(3,5-Brsalen), Co(Clsalen), Co(3-OMe,5-Brsalen), Co(saltmen), Co(Brsalen), Co(OMesalen) were shown to be efficient catalysts for oxidizing cumene to cumyl alcohol, methylstyrene and acetophenone. The mixture was characterized by 1H NMR and GC-Mass spectroscopy. Product s efficiency and turnover number of catalysists were determined. Proposal of the mechanism provides a rationale for the influence of ligand substitutions on the reaction. A series of experiments are reported to provide strong support for a mechanistic scheme that involves reaction of coordinated dioxygen. On the basis of these observations, the coordination of O2 to this... 

    Electrochemical Study on Multidentate Amino Acid Ligands and Their Co(II) and Fe(III) Complexation

    , M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology Nemati Bideh, Babak (Author) ; Ghanbari, Bahram (Supervisor)
    Abstract
    In our previous work, we have been undertake complexion of new amino phenolic ligand with Fe(III) and Co(II) in order to synthesis LSCF - and LSF - type perovskite inorganic membranes. In this study, the interactions between Co(II) and Fe(III) cations and the mentioned ligands were investigated their by cyclic voltammetry technique. In aqueous solution, it was found that chelate ring size has more prominent effect on the ligand-metal interaction than the related amino acid substitution. Accordingly, the amino phenol substituted... 

    , M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology GHasemi Toosi, Faeze (Author) ; Ghanbari, Bahram (Supervisor)
    Abstract
    The purpose of this project is the synthesis and characterization of a group of phenolic amino acidic derivatives that are studied in both solid phases as well as their solutions. For this, new phenol derivatives of serin and isoleucine amino acids were synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR , 13C NMR, IR spectroscopy as well as elemental analysis. These ligands were utilized to prepare LSF perovskite membrane. According to their XRD patterns, it was concluded that the powdered precursor prepared by serin derivative has shown better qualification and less intermediate phase in the synthesized perovskite membrane similar to the sample prepared by applying EDTA. Furthermore, in the previous... 

    Study on Cation and Fullerene Recognition by OxNx-Aza Crown Macrocyclic Ligands

    , M.Sc. Thesis Sharif University of Technology Safar koopayeh, Barzin (Author) ; Ghanbari, Bahram (Supervisor)
    Abstract
    In this research, a new group of N2O2–azacrown macrocyclic ligands with different macroring size from 15 to 18 was synthesized using one-pot facile and high yield reaction. The products were characterized applying FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies as well as elemental analysis. The single crystal structure of 18-membered macrocyclic ligand was also determined by x-ray crystallography. The crystallographic data showed such strong inter-molecular hydrogen bonding which excluded their nitrogen-donor groups, and initial investigation with UV-Vis spectroscopy shows no intraction with [60]fullerene, despite of presence of these interacrtions in their parent macrocycles. The result of Job’s...