Sharif Digital Repository

The design of a fully-integrated ΔΣ -controlled fractional-N frequency synthesizer is described. Using a dual modulus 64/72 prescaler based on injection locking technique and a novel third order digital ΔΣ modulator, we achieved an extremely low power synthesizer in 2.5GHz band.. Total power dissipation of the frequency synthesizer is less than 6mW at a 1.5V supply. The loop bandwidth is optimized to achieve a -123dBc/Hz phase noise at 3MHz offset frequency. The locking time of the loop is less than 30μs  

Conventional wastewater treatment processes are not completely effective in removing vancomycin. In this study, affecting parameters on vancomycin degradation, such as pH, catalyst, initial vancomycin concentration, temperature, and reaction time were investigated simultaneously during a removal process based on titanium dioxide with ultraviolet irradiation in an aqueous solution. Titanium dioxide was synthesized and characterized using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The average size of the synthesized crystals was 4.7 (± 0.2) nm. Design of experiments was done by a central composite design based on the response surface methodology and multiple linear regression was... 

Investigations have shown the traces of antibiotics in surface water, groundwater, wastewater treatment plants, and drinking water. However, conventional wastewater treatment is not entirely effective for vancomycin degradation. Advanced oxidation is one of the most widespread methods of antibiotic degradation in aqueous media. Vancomycin was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to explore and optimise the effect of the independent variables on vancomycin degradation. Independent variables were as follows: pH (3–11), vancomycin concentration (15–75 mg/L), TiO2–clinoptilolite (25–125 mg in... 

Purpose – This paper aims to provide a criteria-based evaluation framework for assessing knowledgemanagement system (KMS) development methodologies. Design/methodology/approach – The evaluation criteria have been elicited based on the features expected from a successful KMS. Furthermore, a number of prominent KMS development methodologies have been scrutinized based on the proposed evaluation framework. Findings – It was demonstrated that the proposed evaluation framework is detailed and comprehensive enough to reveal the strengths and weaknesses of KMS development methodologies. It was also revealed that even though the evaluated methodologies possess certain strong features, they suffer... 

In this work, we use 13 microlensing candidates with dark lenses from OGLE III catalogue [L. Wyrzykowski et al., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 458 (2016) 3012.] and cross-match them with the GAIA catalogue. We identify the microlensing source stars in the GAIA catalogue by comparing the coordinate and the magnitude of stars and using the proper motion and the parallax parameters of the source stars. Combining with the microlensing light curves as well as the microlensing parallax effect, we determine the mass and the distance of lenses from Earth. We conclude that the lens for this set of microlensing events for the massive lenses are black hole and for the small lenses are neutron/white dwarf... 

Earlier software development processes (SDPs), such as waterfall processes, were mainly focused on process steps and did not address people- and product-related issues. Emergence of Software development methodologies (SDM) has created a new paradigm for developing software systems. A SDM is a special kind of technically engineered framework for organizing SDPs; this framework is expected to specify three main interwoven elements, namely people, products, and process. It has since become evident that it is impossible to provide a general-purpose SDM for developing all the various kinds of software systems, and it has thus become essential to construct the most appropriate methodology for the... 

The main issue in a surveillance environment is the target tracking. The most important concern in this problem is the association of the various measurements with the existing target tracks. The fuzzy c-means data association (FCMDA) algorithm, based on the fuzzy c-means (FCM) algorithm, is an efficient solution for the problem of measurement to track association in a multisensor multitarget environment. It has a high accuracy in measurement to track association when targets are far from each other. However, its accuracy remains low when targets are close to one another. The FCMDA algorithm performance is usually lost in this environment, especially when measurement noise is high. In the... 

The problem of fuzzy data association for target tracking in a cluttered environment is discussed in this paper. In data association filters based on fuzzy clustering, the association probabilities of tracking filters are reconstructed by utilizing the fuzzy membership degree of the measurement belonging to the target. Clearly in these filters, the fuzzy clustering method has an important role; better approach causes better precision in target tracking. Recently, by using the information theory, the maximum entropy fuzzy data association filter (MEF-DAF), as a fast and efficient algorithm, is introduced in literature. In this paper, by modification of a fuzzy clustering objective function,... 

In this paper, the main discharge region and the plasma on the pre-ionization section in a TEA-CO2 laser are simulated by a distributed RLC electric circuit. The transmission line method is applied to the nonlinear distributed circuit, and it is approximated by a lumped nonlinear RLC circuit. By this method the governing partial differential equations are reduced to a system of ordinary differential equations. The parameters of the plasma in this laser are obtained by using this model. The possible photoionization instability is presented. To discuss the instability of the plasma, the current density perpendicular to the applied electric field is obtained. Furthermore, the electron...