Sharif Digital Repository

This article mainly focuses on the characteristic, technologies and applications of cloud computing in mobile and electronic learning, and analyzes the features of this concept. We firstly tried to clarify the meaning of cloud computing as well as its features, secondly, proposed different models of using cloud computing in different learning environments, including web-based learning, mobile video learning and observational learning  

Recent evidence implicates both basal ganglia and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) in encoding value memories. However, comparative roles of cortical and basal nodes in value memory are not well understood. Here, single-unit recordings in vlPFC and substantia nigra reticulata (SNr), within macaque monkeys, revealed a larger value signal in SNr that was nevertheless correlated with and had a comparable onset to the vlPFC value signal. The value signal was maintained for many objects (>90) many weeks after reward learning and was resistant to extinction in both regions and to repetition suppression in vlPFC. Both regions showed comparable granularity in encoding expected value and value... 

Ecological fitness depends on maintaining object histories to guide future interactions. Recent evidence shows that value memory changes passive visual responses to objects in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) and substantia nigra reticulata (SNr). However, it is not known whether this effect is limited to reward history and if not how cross-domain representations are organized within the same or different neural populations in this corticobasal circuitry. To address this issue, visual responses of the same neurons across appetitive, aversive and novelty domains were recorded in vlPFC and SNr. Results showed that changes in visual responses across domains happened in the same rather... 

The design, simulation and fabrication of a planar fragmented loop antenna with capacitive loads at 60 GHz frequency band is reported in this paper. The loop antenna has a nearly omni-directional radiation pattern required for many IEEE 802.11ad applications, a simulated bandwidth of 6 GHz, and a realized gain of 2 dBi. The measured input matching bandwidth without deembedding the connector effect is nearly 2 GHz. The HPBW in azimuth plane is 360°.s  

A wideband integrated delay chain chip with 5-bit main delay control, two error correction bits, maximum delay of 125-and 3.9-ps delay resolution, designed and fabricated in a 0.18-μ m CMOS technology is presented. This delay chain is a cascade of seven passive internal-switched delay blocks which the five main bits are based on novel delay structures. The proposed delay structures are similar to second-, fourth-, and sixth-order all-pass networks and are robust to mismatch effects of resistive parasitics of transistor switches. Measurement results of the fabricated delay chain show 15.2-23.3-dB insertion loss and less than 3.3-ps rms delay error over the intended frequency band from 8-18... 

A novel trombone topology has been introduced for achieving controllable true time delay. The prominent aspect of the proposed topology is the ability to provide discrete variable delay with minimum insertion loss variation with delay settings. Furthermore, the effects of source impedance, output load, and line-terminating loads' impedance mismatch on group delay variation are theoretically investigated for the proposed trombone topology. Moreover, based on this new topology, a prototype trombone delay circuit has been designed and fabricated in 0.18- mu ext{m} CMOS technology, operating over the frequency bandwidth of 8-18 GHz. This 3-bit delay integrated circuit provides a maximum delay... 

A high-precision delay chain circuit integrated in a 0.18- mu ext{m} CMOS technology working in the frequency bandwidth of 8-18 GHz has been designed and tested. The designed delay control integrated circuit with 5-bit delay control provides a maximum delay of 125 ps and has a delay resolution of 3.9 ps. Measured delay error of the fabricated chip is less than 9.3%, making it a considerably accurate delay control circuit. Low delay-error performance has resulted from incorporating a novel delay cell in this delay chain circuit. This newly proposed delay cell is a lumped-element coupled transmission line loaded with a second-order all-pass network (APN). The APN-loaded coupled line delay... 

A wideband integrated delay chain chip with 5-bit main delay control, two error correction bits, maximum delay of 125-and 3.9-ps delay resolution, designed and fabricated in a 0.18-μ m CMOS technology is presented. This delay chain is a cascade of seven passive internal-switched delay blocks which the five main bits are based on novel delay structures. The proposed delay structures are similar to second-, fourth-, and sixth-order all-pass networks and are robust to mismatch effects of resistive parasitics of transistor switches. Measurement results of the fabricated delay chain show 15.2-23.3-dB insertion loss and less than 3.3-ps rms delay error over the intended frequency band from 8-18... 

Supplying non-linear loads causes increased losses in transformers which eventually leads to their reduced life spans. Therefore, transformers are derated in order to protect them against premature loss of life. To do this, load losses including ohmic loss and winding eddy current (WEC) loss need to be estimated. This study suggests an improved analytical approach using finite element method (FEM) which includes all material characteristics and geometrical structures in order to calculate WEC loss under non-sinusoidal load current in each winding individually. By adopting this procedure, harmonic loss factor as a dominant parameter in transformers derating is estimated. By emphasising the... 

Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a noninvasive, low-cost brain recording tool with high temporal but poor spatial resolution. In contrast, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a rather expensive brain recording tool with high spatial and poor temporal resolution. In this study, we aim at recovering the brain activity (source localization and activity-intensity) with high spatial resolution using only EEG recordings. Each EEG electrode records a linear combination of the activities of various parts of the brain. As a result, a multi-electrode EEG recording represents the brain activities via a linear mixing matrix. Due to distance attenuation, this matrix is almost sparse. Using... 

As a central hub for cognitive control, prefrontal cortex (PFC) is thought to utilize memories. However, unlike working or short-term memory, the neuronal representation of long-term memory in PFC has not been systematically investigated. Using single-unit recordings in macaques, we show that PFC neurons rapidly update and maintain responses to objects based on short-term reward history. Interestingly, after repeated object-reward association, PFC neurons continue to show value-biased responses to objects even in the absence of reward. This value-biased response is retained for several months after training and is resistant to extinction and to interference from new object-reward learning... 

Memory and motor deficits are commonly identified in Parkinson's disease (PD). 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is transformed to MPP+ via monoamine oxidase B (MAOB), which causes oxidative stress and destroys dopaminergic (DA) neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and is widely used to create animal models of PD. However, to-date, a comprehensive analysis of the MPTP effects on various aspects of PD does not exist. Here, we provide a systematic review and meta-analysis on the MPTP effects on memory and motor functions by analyzing 51 studies on more than one thousand animals mainly including rats and mice. The results showed that in addition to motor functions... 

Simultaneous recording of activity across brain regions can contain additional information compared to regional recordings done in isolation. In particular, multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) across voxels has been interpreted as evidence for distributed coding of cognitive or sensorimotor processes beyond what can be gleaned from a collection of univariate effects (UVE) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Here, we argue that regardless of patterns revealed, conventional MVPA is merely a decoding tool with increased sensitivity arising from considering a large number of ‘weak classifiers’ (i.e., single voxels) in higher dimensions. We propose instead that ‘real’ multivoxel... 

Food choice is one of the most fundamental and most frequent value-based decisions for all animals including humans. However, the neural circuitry involved in food-based decisions is only recently being addressed. Given the relatively fast dynamics of decision formation, electroencephalography (EEG)-informed fMRI analysis is highly beneficial for localizing this circuitry in humans. Here, by using the EEG correlates of evidence accumulation in a simultaneously recorded EEG-fMRI dataset, we found a significant role for the right temporal-parietal operculum (PO) and medial insula including gustatory cortex (GC) in binary choice between food items. These activations were uncovered by using the... 

In this paper, the problem of sending n-bit of data from a client to a server using an asymmetric communication channel is discussed where the line bandwidth from server to client is much higher than that of client to server. The goal is to provide a protocol for this problem so that the average number of actual bits sent by client to server becomes as low as possible. Assuming that data is drawn from an arbitrary distribution D, the average number of bits sent by client to server cannot be less than H(D), where H(D) is the binary entropy of D. This problem was first considered by Adler and Maggs [1]. They assumed that the distribution of D is known only by the server and introduced a... 

Background: Accurate targeting of brain areas for stimulation and/or electrophysiological recording is key in many therapeutic applications and basic neuroscience research. Nevertheless, there are currently no end-to-end packages that accommodate all steps required for exact localization, visualization, and targeting regions of interest (ROIs) using standard atlases and for designing skull implants. New Method: We have implemented a new processing pipeline that addresses this issue in macaques and humans including various preprocessing, registration, warping procedures, and 3D reconstructions, and provide a noncommercial open-source graphical software which we refer to as the MATLAB-based... 

While Covid-19 is, first and foremost, a pernicious physical illness, its highly contagious nature has led to significant disruption in social life and psychological stress, occasionally resulting in dire mental health consequences that are still not fully understood. To address this issue, a prospective longitudinal design study was conducted by administering standard self-reporting questionnaires covering the NEO-five factor inventory (NEO-FFI), shyness, alexithymia, autism quotient, anxiety, depression, and sensory processing sensitivity (SPS). A total of 114 participants (of which 71.93% were females) with an average age of 30.29 (standard deviation = 11.04) completed the survey before...