Sharif Digital Repository

Manufacturing in many industries, such as electronics, petrochemical, automotive, and food, has long relied on continuous approaches, while the pharmaceutical industry has traditionally been processed in batch reactors. Since the beginning of the third millennium, continuous drug synthesis has received attention due to its multiple advantages over batch systems, which include process safety, adaptability, controllability, economic efficiency, scale-up, and enhancing performance. In this project, the pharmaceutical intermediate 1,4-benzodiazepine, which is usable as a precursor of diazepam and flurazepam, is continuously synthesized in a 400 microliters integrated micromixer and microreactor... 

The aim of this research is to make a hierarchical zeolite catalyst as a basis for photocatalytic removal reactions of organic pollutants including dyes and drugs. The three main parts of this thesis deal with preparing the photocatalyst, performing the characterization test and investigating the reaction in different operating conditions. To prepare zeolite, first an organic molecule was synthesized to increase the diameter of the holes and it was used along with the rest of the precursors in the hydrothermal method. To increase the efficiency of photocatalytic reactions, the silver element was deposited on the ZnO / zeolite catalyst by photodeposition method and its characteristics were... 

Clopidogrel, as an antiplatelet medicine, is currently one of the most widely used medicines to reduce the risk of stroke and prevent the formation of blood clots for heart patients all over the world. This medicine is still produced using the conventional approach of drug production, i.e. batch method. On the other hand, due to the many advantages of flow chemistry, such as increasing the rate of mass and heat transfer, increasing safety, performance, etc., the production of medicines using the flow approach has been highly regarded by large pharmaceutical companies in recent years. In this research, the production of clopidogrel was done using a continuous flow approach and different... 

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is the most common type of pulmonary fibrosis that causes ulcers inside the lungs. In addition to Nintedanib, Pirfenidone is currently the only compound approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2014 for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Meanwhile, in the pharmaceutical industry, drug synthesis is usually done through batch-wise processes, and pirfenidone is currently only produced through batch-wise processes. Hence, this study aims to change the synthesis method of this drug, which is traditionally performed through batch-wise processes, to a continuous flow process. Therefore, a micro-reactor technology can be adopted which offers a... 

In the past decades, the production of various active pharmaceutical ingredients in batch processes was common. But today, the approach of pharmaceutical companies has changed and the use of the equipment and continuous processes such as microreactors has become common for reasons of safety, better mass and heat transfer, reduction of operators, and ease of scale-up. Unlike many top-selling drugs such as Ibuprofen and Artemisinin, Clopidogrel, the world's third best-selling drug needed by cardiac patients, has been manufactured only in batch processes. Due to the increase in the average age of the population, the urgent need for the use of Plavix (clopidogrel) has increased in recent years.... 

In recent years, batch systems were often used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals. Nowadays, due to the possibility of more optimal conditions in flow systems, such as better mixing and optimal performance of heat transfer and mass transfer, process safety, reduction of retention time, and ease in increasing the scale of the process, the use of flow systems has been expanded. B-hydroxysulfone is a pharmaceutical intermediate in the production of bicalutamide, which is used in the treatment of prostate cancer and is used in many organic and biological processes. The reaction time in batch systems is about 17 to 20 hours, and in the flow system, the retention time has reached about 180-90... 

Nowadays, the use of microreactors is receiving a great deal of attention due to the unique characteristics of such systems, such as high surface-to-volume ratio, low material loss, greater safety, and minimizing mass and heat transfer limitations. In this study, the optimization of the continuous-flow synthesis of Plavix by Cu-MOF heterogeneous catalyst utilizing a glass microreactor was investigated. Structural characteristics of the catalyst were investigated using X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and BET surface area studies to describe the structure and morphology of the catalyst. In order to build... 

In recent decays, multiple model controllers have been attracted much attention due to their essential ability to control of non-linear systems with wide operating ranges. Number and location of models are two important factors. In this research an algorithm for determining number of models and their locations has been proposed which can be counted as an extension to existing algorithms. Utilizing the proposed algorithm, the minimum number of models which achieve closed-loop stability can be determined. If transient response of non-linear system with these models be not satisfactory, the number of models are increased by one using Binary Search method, and consequently the location of models... 

Growing rate of eutrophication in receiving waters has made the enhancement of wastewater treatment plants to advanced methods of nutrients removal as necessary. Nitrogen and Phosphorus as the nutrients can reduce the quality of water and even make it unusable. Phosphorus is known to be one of the main reasons of eutrophication and creation of algal bloom. In this study, chemical-biological method for phosphate removal from the municipal wastewater is studied. Experiments are implemented for hydraulic retention times of 4, 8 and 16 hours, total intake concentration of phosphorus 7 ppm, COD 400 ppm and Nitrogen 25 ppm. Ferric Chloride as the precipitator chemical substance injected into the... 

Evaluating the enviroment for achieving efcient kwnoledge in order to justifed environment recognition and making decision based on data analysis is proponed in many felds.One of these problems is Visibility Problem. The Recieved data from real world as input, for visibility problem, is uncertain such that the recieving data of two different measurments will be different with high probability. Therefore, we defne the goal of this research to solving the visibility problem conditioned to that objects or segments are uncertain.Consider ”S” as a set of ”n” uncertain segments in plane. Each uncertain segment locates in two certain places and with probability 1 2 in each place, the goal is to... 

The main purpose of this study is to develop the Hollow Cylinder Apparatus (HCA) for unsaturated testing on granular materials and to investigate the effect of stress anisotropy on dynamic parameters of soils like shear modulus and damping ratio. Direction of loading and the magnitude of intermediate principal stress have significant effect on the anisotropic response of soils. In many of in-situ loading the direction of major principal stress does not coincide with deposition direction of soil or because of the three dimensional loading condition of soil, the effect of the intermediate principal stress cannot be ignored. On the other hand, in many areas, soils are in unsaturated condition.... 

In this thesis titled "Enhancing Energy Efficiency in Ideal Binary Distillation tower with a Dynamic Process Intensification," operational methods in distillation units are explored and improved. Given the high cost of energy, limited energy resources, and environmental considerations, increasing energy efficiency in process industries has become significantly important. In this context, this research attempts to enhance the performance of the distillation unit by utilizing dynamic process intensification with two operational points corresponding to the production of products with purities both higher and lower than the desired product purity, and switching between these two points. The... 

Inadequate nutrition is perhaps the most important problem facing the poor. Being hungry lowers productivity and decreases individuals’ income. All of these factors conspire to help the poor stay poor. Raising the income of the poor is one solution for this problem if the elasticity of calorie and macronutrients with respect to income is greater than zero. This study employs both nonparametric and parametric methods to obtain the elasticity of per capita calorie and macronutrients with respect to household per capita expenditure. The case presented is for urban areas of Islamic republic of Iran, 2008-2016. Under each estimation strategy we employ, we find a strongly significant and positive... 

The Fuel cell is an energy converter which converts the chemical energy of a chemical reaction to electricity and heat directly and without any pollution. One of the most important types of fuel cells is the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. The importance of PEM fuel cells is a result of their high energy density, quick start up ability, lower operating temperature, high efficiency and low or zero emissions. Catalysts play an important role in both costs and durability of PEM fuel cells. Alloying the Pt with other metals can increase the activity of the catalysts of the fuel cells and also reduces the amount of costly Pt. In this study, the nanoparticles of Ni were added to the...