Sharif Digital Repository

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of a horizontal packed bed bioreactor, named Biopack, to treat high strength wastewater, such as bakers yeast wastewater. The Biopack system (RBCP) is a modified rotating biological contactor and the system was applied for secondary treatment. The RBCP system produced high treatment efficiencies, COD removal was 94.9% when COD was 472 mg/l and surface organic loading = 0.187 kg COD/m2 per day and surface hydraulic loading = 6 l/m2 per day. Variations of surface hydraulic loading from 6 to 11.9 l/m2 per day produced a decrease in COD removal efficiency from 94.9 to 58.6%. Other factors, such as shock load, retention time and rotational... 

For the reason that flow expansion model (developed in our previous work) for evaluating mass transfer during droplet formation involves with manifest hydrodynamic aspects, in this research computational simulation of this phenomenon was done for characterization of hydrodynamics effects on the mass transfer during droplet formation. For this purpose, an Eulerian volume tracking computational code based on volume of fluid (VOF) method was developed to solve the transient Navier-Stokes equations for the axisymmetric free-boundary problem of a Newtonian liquid that is dripping vertically and breaking as drops into another immiscible Newtonian fluid. The effects of hydrodynamics effects on the... 

This paper is aimed at investigating some computational aspects of different isoperimetric problems on weighted trees. In this regard, we consider different connectivity parameters called minimum normalized cuts/isoperimetric numbers defined through taking the minimum of the maximum or the mean of the normalized outgoing flows from a set of subdomains of vertices, where these subdomains constitute a partition/subpartition. We show that the decision problem for the case of taking k-partitions and the maximum (called the max normalized cut problem NCP^M), and the other two decision problems for the mean version (referred to as IPP^m and NCP^m) are NP-complete problems for weighted trees. On... 

In the absence of powerful rigorous models, in this research a simple but practical method for calculating the temperature and residence time and carbon black yield in oil-furnace reactors is proposed. For this purpose an empirical formula of the form CXHY is assumed for the carbon black feedstock based on typical feedstock used in this industry. Based on the prevailing reactor conditions, thermodynamic considerations and available outlet tail gas from the reactor, a few representative reactions are considered to describe the entire reaction network. These include complete combustion for the fuel and, incomplete combustion and pyrolysis for the feedstock. Carbon black yield can be estimated... 

An optimal performance film cooling implies a high cooling effectiveness along with a wide surface cooling coverage. During the past decades, film cooling effectiveness has been well defined with a specific formula to evaluate the quality of a cooling system. However, despite numerous research on film cooling, there is still no explicit parameter to quantify how well a coolant film is spread over a hot surface. This work introduces a new coefficient namely cooling uniformity coefficient (CUC) to evaluate how well a coolant film is spread over a surface that is being cooled. Four different cases at two blowing ratios of 0.5 and 1.5 are studied. Three cases are ordinary single jets with... 

In this paper, LM pectin production from commercial apple pectin by using acid, alkali and ammonia methods in the presence of ethanol was studied. Also, the effect of different parameters such as, temperature, time, acid, alkali and ammonia treatment in LM pectin production were evaluated. In all the experiments, low temperature showed a better influence from a recovery, purity and low de-polymerization viewpoint. Optimum conditions in the acid method reached at pH = 2, t = 17 hrs and T = 30°C, in the alkaline method reached at pH = 11, t = 3 hrs and T = 5°C and in the ammonia method reached at 2 N ammonia and T = 5°C, were determined. © Sharif University of Technology  

Surface tension driven passive micro-pumping relies mainly on the surface tension properties. To have control over surface tension driven passive micro-pumps (STD-PMPs), it is essential to understand the physical background of the fluid flow in these pumps. Hence, the purpose of this work is to give an exploration of the flow physics of a STD-PMP. In this regard, computer simulation is used to give detailed information about the flow pattern and physical phenomena at different conditions. To this end, a droplet of water, with a specified diameter, is placed onto an entry port connected to another droplet at the exit port via a microchannel. The results indicate that the pumping process, in... 

Let LL be a reversible Markovian generator on a finite set View the MathML sourceV. Relations between the spectral decomposition of LL and subpartitions of the state space View the MathML sourceV into a given number of components which are optimal with respect to min–max or max–min Dirichlet connectivity criteria are investigated. Links are made with higher-order Cheeger inequalities and with a generic characterization of subpartitions given by the nodal domains of an eigenfunction. These considerations are applied to generators whose positive rates are supported by the edges of a discrete cycle ZNZN, to obtain a full description of their spectra and of the shapes of their eigenfunctions, as... 

In this paper1 we consider higher isoperimetric numbers of a (finite directed) graph. In this regard we focus on the nth mean isoperimetric constant of a directed graph as the minimum of the mean outgoing normalized flows from a given set of n disjoint subsets of the vertex set of the graph. We show that the second mean isoperimetric constant in this general setting, coincides with (the mean version of) the classical Cheeger constant of the graph, while for the rest of the spectrum we show that there is a fundamental difference between the nth isoperimetric constant and the number obtained by taking the minimum over all n-partitions. In this direction, we show that our definition is the... 

The purpose of this study is to predict the activation barriers and enthalpy for elementary steps in the process of Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) on the surfaces of Fe(110), Cu(111) and Fe/Cu alloys catalyst using "Unity Bond Index-Quadratic Exponential Potential" method aimed at predicting the activity and selectivity on the basis of energy criteria. The elementary steps, such as dissociation of CO, hydrogenation of carbidic carbon, C-C chain growth by insertion of CH2 versus CO into the metal-alkyl bonds, and chain termination, which lead to hydrocarbons (alkanes versus α-olefins) or oxygenates are discussed in detail. The results show that metallic Fe(110) is necessary to produce the carbidic... 

A well performance film cooling implies for a high cooling effectives accompanied with a wide cooling coverage. During the past six decades, film cooling effectiveness has been well defined with a specific relation to quantify it. However, despite of numerous film cooling research, there is not an explicit method to quantify the uniformity of a coolant film spread over the hot surfaces. This work introduces a cooling uniformity coefficient (CUC) to evaluate how well a coolant film spreads over a surface being cooled. Four different cases are computationally studied. In the three cases, a single jet is injected into a hot cross flow with different jet exit shapes (i.e. square, spanwise... 

The equations of balance of a continuum under conditions of growth and mass diffusion are derived from a principle of invariance under general observer transformations. The resulting equations are invariant under inertial transformations. Apparent body forces stemming from the mass transport phenomenon are identified and shown to be associated with non-inertial observers. © The Author(s) 2018  

In this paper, microgravity modulation effects on free convection in a cavity are investigated using the lattice Boltzmann method. In order to create microgravity modulation, a sinusoidal time-dependent function is considered. Parameters of the flow are chosen such that the maximum Rayleigh number approaches 106. The natural frequency of the system is obtained at first. Afterwards, effects of different frequencies on the flow and heat transfer fields are investigated in detail. Results are presented in four different frequency ratios categorized as (1) ω∗=1200, 1100, 120, and 110; (2) ω∗=18, 15, 13, and 12; (3) ω∗ = 0.75, 0.85, and 0.95; and (4) the last one is considered for natural... 

The equations of balance of a continuum under conditions of growth and mass diffusion are derived from a principle of invariance under general observer transformations. The resulting equations are invariant under inertial transformations. Apparent body forces stemming from the mass transport phenomenon are identified and shown to be associated with non-inertial observers  

In this paper, flow separation control over a NACA 4415 wing section using arrays of discrete quasi-radial wall jets is numerically investigated. This novel flow control method is studied under conditions which the wing section angle of attack is α=18 degrees and Reynolds number based on chord length is Rec=550000. Contours of mean streamwise velocity indicated that quasi-radial wall jets cover wing surface rapidly. Therefore, arranging them in a spanwise row can be an effective way in adding momentum to the near wall fluid particles. According to the results, if blowing parameters of the jets be chosen correctly, arrays of quasi-radial wall jets would lead to considerable decrease in wake... 

This work aims to introduce a novel concept of wall jets wherein the flow is radially injected into a medium through a sector of a cylinder, called quasi-radial (QR) wall jets. The results revealed that fluid dynamics of the QR wall jet flow differs from that of conventional wall jets. Indeed, lateral and normal propagations of a conventional three-dimensional wall jet are via shear stresses. While, lateral propagation of a QR wall jet is due to mean lateral component of the velocity field. Moreover, discharged Arrays of conventional three-dimensional wall jets in quiescent air lead to formation of a combined wall jet at large distant from the nozzles, while QR wall jet immediately spread in...