Sharif Digital Repository

Diffusion flame from electrospray of liquid ethanol and butanol was investigated experimentally. Stable flames were observed at two distinct modes recognized at different flow rates, applied voltages, and distances between the nozzle and counter electrode. The first mode occurred at minimum voltages in which individual larger droplets are dominantly generated. The second mode at higher voltages corresponds to multijets, which produce finer distribution of droplets. Using flame-imaging anal- ysis, flammability margins are introduced and flame lengths are measured versus nondimensional parameters for both fuels and modes of spraying. The fluctuation of the flames is characterized and the... 

Electric vehicles have become increasingly widespread in recent years due to environmental issues and limited natural resources, and the related thermal management strategies are receiving growing notice. A heat pump air conditioning system for cabin and battery pack thermal regulation (both heating and cooling) is proposed and studied under different operating conditions. The attention of the present study is more directed towards the heating mode of operation; cabin air conditioning in winter and electric aircraft application. Due to environmental considerations and restrictive laws, environmentally friendly refrigerants are also considered as alternatives for R134a. To improve the... 

Purpose: Online determination of the elemental composition of tissues near the Bragg peak is a challenge in proton therapy related studies. In the present work, an analysis method based on the whole spectral information is presented for the quantitative determination of the elemental composition (weight %) of an irradiated target from its emitted Prompt Gamma (PG) spectrum. Materials and Methods: To address this issue, four test phantoms with different weights (%) of 12C, 16O, 20Ca, and 14N elements were considered. The simulated PG spectra were recorded using 3 × 3 inch NaI detectors. A library consisting of the spectra of single-element phantoms as well as the spectra of test-irradiated... 

When a liquid drop impacts on a hot non-flat surface the curvature of the surface and its geometrical characteristics transmute the physical regimes and their boundary compared to a flat surface impact. The present experimental study is focused on water drop impingement on a mimetic solid semi-cylindrical convex hot surface, with a size equal to the drop. The thermal versus inertia map of generated regimes is obtained, while some well-known regimes associated with a flat surface are not observed for the present non-flat impacts. These include rebounding of the main drop and atomization which are common observed phenomena when the hot surface is flat. The maximum spreading of the droplet is... 

When a droplet impinges on a hot surface it is crucial to increase the contact time or decrease the rebounding distance if the heat transfer between the droplet and the surface is important. This will be more sensitive when the temperature regime is above the Leidenfrost values. The focus of the present experimental study is on the maximum height of drop bouncing after impinging on flat and semi-cylindrical concave surfaces, in particular in terms of surface temperature. It is shown that the behavior of the lamella during the spreading to its maximum diameter has a considerable impact on the maximum height of the drop bouncing. For different impact Weber numbers the map of thermal versus... 

When a droplet impinges on a hot surface it is crucial to increase the contact time or decrease the rebounding distance if the heat transfer between the droplet and the surface is important. This will be more sensitive when the temperature regime is above the Leidenfrost values. The focus of the present experimental study is on the maximum height of drop bouncing after impinging on flat and semi-cylindrical concave surfaces, in particular in terms of surface temperature. It is shown that the behavior of the lamella during the spreading to its maximum diameter has a considerable impact on the maximum height of the drop bouncing. For different impact Weber numbers the map of thermal versus... 

Background: The cooling system is one of the important parts of new devices such as smartphones, servers, and other electrical devices. By employing the almost all heat transfer methods such as conduction, evaporation and condensation, heat pipes are the best choice to increase the heat transfer. The thermal conductivity of heat pipe is much higher than fins because they benefit from condensation and evaporation simultaneously. Methods: This study tries to present relative thermal conductivity base on temperature and length of a heat pipe in optimized geometry. To achieve this aim, unsteady, multiphase fluid was considered inside the heat pipe. Evaporation, condensation, and conduction were... 

Human-generated droplets constitute the main route for the transmission of coronavirus. However, the details of such transmission in enclosed environments are yet to be understood. This is because geometrical and environmental parameters can immensely complicate the problem and turn the conventional analyses inefficient. As a remedy, this work develops a predictive tool based on computational fluid dynamics and machine learning to examine the distribution of sneezing droplets in realistic configurations. The time-dependent effects of environmental parameters, including temperature, humidity and ventilation rate, upon the droplets with diameters between 1 and 250μm are investigated inside a... 

Electrospray cooling is experimentally examined for high volumetric flow rates (80 mL/h) stabilized by a novel hemispherical nozzle. Stability of the Taylor cone-jet mode of this nozzle is increased by interaction of the discharging liquid with the outer wall of a hemispherical cap, installed at the tip of a simple nozzle. The liquid can then be discharged at high flow rates at the same mode. The liquid is ethanol and the test surface temperature as well as the cooling heat flux are measured. The results of the surface temperature, the heat flux and the heat transfer coefficient are compared between the three cases. The first and main case is the electrospray using the novel hemispherical... 

For intermittent spray-cooling purpose, it is essential to study the unsteady aspects of film evaporation and heat-transfer characteristics. In the present study, total evaporation time and surface temperature variations are investigated for four different liquid films (water, ethanol, n-octane, and n-hexane). The evaporation process is analyzed using a three-dimensional spray-wall impact with Lagrangian wall-film model. The evaporation process occurs in three stages; at the initial moments, most of the heat is used to raise the film temperature, and slight evaporation also exists. The film temperature rises until it reaches the liquid saturation point to evaporate at a constant rate. In the... 

Liquid cooling is an efficient way of thermal management for high CPV cells, increasing the system performance by reducing cell's temperature. Thermal management complexity rises upon using an array of cells while the system becomes sizeable. The present numerical simulations follow a single cell study to investigate spray cooling for high CPV arrays with minimum number of injecting nozzles. The idea is to cool the cells by the liquid film formed on the thermal paste surface. Cooling the whole surface by the help of the liquid film decreases the number of nozzles to less than the number of cells. Both mass flow rate and pumping power are reduced, improving the system efficiency and lowering... 

High concentrator photovoltaic (HCPV) systems receive concentrated solar irradiation and operate at higher temperatures. It is challenging to control the cell temperature in a permittable range preventing overall performance destruction. In the present study, a comprehensive 3D numerical solution is performed to simulate spray cooling on a multijunction HCPV. The effective parameters are categorized as the distance from the nozzle to the surface, the thickness of the thermal paste, and the spray mass flow rate. The results indicate that the spray cooling method reduces the cell temperature below the allowable operating range (353 K). Increasing the distance from the nozzle to the surface... 

Learning a foreign language encompasses a process of trial and error that can lead to the progression of the learner's interlanguage, meaning that the learners make use of their language knowledge that receives feedback and brings about progress through diagnosis of the problems and being corrected by the teacher. Therefore, there exists a need to analyze the underlying reasons causing the students to remain taciturn with a low willingness to communicate (WTC) during a language class. There has been much work done investigating the role of the learner's stable personal characteristics (traits) along with their situational changes at a specific time (states) that influence the student's... 

Using 3-D scanned data to analyze and extract pore network plays a vital role in investigation of porous media's characteristics. In this paper, a new simple method is developed to detect pores and throats for analyzing the connectivity and permeability of the network. This automated method utilizes some of the common and well-known image processing functions which are widely accessible by researchers and this has led to an easy algorithm implementation. In this method, after polishing and quality control of images, using city-block distance function and watershed segmentation algorithm, pores and throats are detected and 3-D network is produced. This method can also be applied on 2-D images... 

In this paper, we try to recognize and distinguish different groups of arrhythmia using novel features which have been obtained from the heart rate's phase space in recent years. For this purpose, we used Triangular Phase Space Mapping (TPSM) and Parabolic Phase Space Mapping (PPSM). For recognition, we used three groups of 15 subjects using the Physionet database (Arrhythmia, Congestive Heart Failure (CHF), and Atrial Fibrillation (AF)) with Normal Sinus Rhythm (NSR). The obtained features discriminate arrhythmia from NSR by p