Sharif Digital Repository

In the present study, the coordination chemistry of an O4N4-tetrabenza-crown ether macrocyclic ligand L1 with M2+ (M= Cu, Cd, Hg, and Pb) was investigated by employing UV-visible, 1H-NMR spectroscopy in their solutions. According to the association constants calculated by 1H-NMR titrations, the complex formation stability for these closed shell cations was found in a series of Pb > Hg > Cd, leading to the larger cation, the better accommodation with L1. Moreover, the supramolecular interaction of L1 with fullerene C60 was also assessed by UV-visible spectroscopy. Meanwhile, the structure of [Cd(1)]2+ complex was determine by X-ray crystallographic method in their solid state. A square... 

Nowadays, advanced and inexpensive pre-clinical methods for investigating the effects of anti-cancer drugs are expanding. One of the latest three-dimensional laboratory modeling for evaluating the effects of drugs is the use of tumor-on-chip technology, which actually models the physiological system of the body through three-dimensional scaffolds, multicellular cultures, and shaped vascular systems. In this study, three-dimensional culture of cancer cells was performed in the form of spheroids. A chip of U-shaped microstructures with and without gaps was used to trap cells and form cancer spheroids. We simulated the simultaneous effect of drug and oxygen concentration distribution inside the... 

Modeling and performance evaluation of the real time distributed systems is a significant problem. Stochastic activity network is one of the high level models used for this purpose. This network is an extension of generalized stochastic Petri net which is more powerful and flexible than other Petri net extensions. Checking the satisfiability of properties such as performance, dependability and user's expected properties is considerable in these models. Thus, using the approaches and generating modeling and model checking tools with the mentioned purpose is attractive. A model checker automatically checks the correctness of the system behaviors as properties against the model by getting the... 

Cardiovascular diseases are among the leading causes of death worldwide. For instance, in 2015, almost 31% of the world’s mortality rate was due to these causes. One of these diseases is cardiac coronary vessels’ occlusion which leads to the insufficient blood supply to the heart tissue and cardiomyocytes death after Myocardial Infarction (MI). After MI, a hierarchy of events in the heart tissue changes heart muscle and forms cardiac fibrosis. This fibrotic tissue does not have the native one’s properties and function, so it will cause cardiac arrest and patient death. Therefore, it is obvious that vascular network plays a crucial role in the heart function. The importance of cardiac... 

This study has focused on the important problem of landing on a planet as an important current and future space mission. In this regard, dynamics modeling and integrated state estimation and control problems have been investigated in different views. To this aim, first a novel concurrent representation for translational and rotational kinematics has been developed based on the extension of modified Rodrigues parameters to dual space. This parameter set, called dual modified Rodrigues parameters (DMRP), is then utilized to establish an integrated roto-translational dynamic. The proposed DMRP-based kinematics and dynamics have been verified via comparison to traditional methods of... 

This thesis addresses the problem of optimal distributed control of unknown interconnected systems. In order to deal with this problem, a data-driven learning framework for finding the optimal centralized and the suboptimal distributed controllers has been developed via convex optimization.First of all, the linear quadratic regulation (LQR) problem is formulated into a nonconvex optimization problem. Using Lagrangian duality theories, a semidefinite program is then developed that requires information about the system dynamics. It is shown that the optimal solution to this problem is independent of the initial conditions and represents the Q-function, an important concept in reinforcement... 

Accurate and fast attitude estimation of a rigid body plays an essential role in the performance of a vehicle’s control system, especially aerospace vehicles. Ample works have been done to increase the accuracy and speed of the attitude estimation process, but all have been developed according to a model-based approach. This approach assumes that the torques acting on the body have a known dynamical model that is used for the attitude estimation. The purpose of the present research is to estimate the attitude via a model-free approach, i. e. dynamics of the torques acting on the body are no longer assumed to be known, and its learning is the next step. Thus, the problem formulation of this... 

This thesis presents a new approach to design structural output feedback controllers with stabilization and pole-placement at desired points on the S plane. It is assumed that the linear time-invariant system has no fixed mode corresponding to the specified control structure, outside the desired region of the closed-loop poles, such that the structural controller design problem is theoretically feasible. To this end, the structural output controller design problem is first transformed into a structurally equivalent problem based on the solution of a set of discrete linear programs. Then, by using the resultant structure, a new method is proposed for designing static and dynamic control loops... 

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) currently remains a considerable challenge for clinical treatments. CVDs account for N17.5 million deaths per year and will predictably increase to 23.6 million by 2030. The main purpose is to create human model systems to study the effect of disease mutations or drug treatment on the heart. In addition, engineered cardiac tissues are considered promising candidates to be transplanted to improve the function of diseased hearts. For engineered active tissues/organs, 3D bioprinting can fabricate complex tissue architecture with a spatiotemporal distribution of bioactive substances (cells, growth factors, and others) to better guide tissue regeneration. However,... 

Understanding biological systems requires extensive knowledge of individual parameters, and to study the processes of cell differentiation and cell behavior, a suitable environment must be created with the physiological conditions of the human body. For this purpose, with the knowledge of microfluidics, a microenvironment can be provided to study the behavior of cells on a small scale. The use of bone tissue model microfluidic chips is an alternative and new method in which it is possible to study the behavior of cells to differentiate into bone and to examine the toxicity of drugs, which in itself can help in the effective and successful treatment of these cases show. Therefore, in this... 

Prevalent deployment of Distributed Energy Resources(DERs) in the demand side of electrical energy grids has several advantages such as greenhouse gases emission reduction, mitigation of power losses in the distribution grids and abatement of the dependency on the wholesale generation companies. At the same time, it paves the way for the advent of local interactive energy trading frameworks. In the following thesis, a distributed data-driven algorithm is developed for market-clearing in a community-based local energy market. The social welfare maximization is considered as the objective of the energy trading. The production and demand of electricity are the decision variables of sellers and... 

The main topic of this research is the navigation and control of a free-flying satellite with a robot manipulator while transferring and placing cargo on a space station. After connecting the cargo module, astronauts and robots need to deliver the available loads to the desired modules in a space station. Capturing an object or cargo is a critical issue studied extensively so far. However, delivery and placing of the cargo at the target point have not been investigated yet, to the best of the author’s knowledge; hence, this is a primary motivation for conducting the proposed research. After capturing the payload, the position and attitude of the manipulator with respect to the station’s... 

This thesis introduces a distributed backstepping control strategy based on reinforcement learning to achieve fixed-time consensus in high-order nonlinear multi-agent systems. Each agent, whether a leader or a follower, is modeled using a strict feedback approach, incorporating uncertainties as unknown nonlinear functions and disturbance signals across all state variables. The communication network among agents can be either directed or undirected, with a fixed topology. Each follower employs a control law derived from actor-critic networks, utilizing only the outputs from neighboring agents. The proposed method combines virtual and actual backstepping control laws, formulated from two key... 

In this thesis, a new method is proposed to find the class of stabilizing control structures for interconnected systems from a graphtheoretic
perspective. The objective is to classify all possible control structures (static or dynamic), capable of stabilizing the closedloop system. The method can be formulated by using the characteristics of fixed modes of the system for arbitrary control structures.To this end, first, a method is proposed based on solving a set of discrete linear programming to determine whether a system is stabilizable via a decentralized controller. Subsequently, by solving a set of discrete linear feasibility problems, all possible stabilizing controller structures... 

We simulated the structure formation in the context of Modified Newtonian Dynamics with the spherical collapse model. We supposed a spherical region with mass of galactic order, positive density contrast and uniform distribution of matter as the initial condition and investigated the evolution of its internal regions, containing different amounts of matter. We began the simulation when the region was in Newtonian regime. The overdense region, which expands with cosmic fluid in Newtonian regime, gradually enters MONDian regime and gets separated from the background due to its stronger central acceleration; then it collapses and virializes after some swings. The density distribution of the... 

This thesis addresses the distributed optimal control problem. In order to solve this problem a suboptimal distributed design approach has been developed using tools from graph theory and optimization theory. The first objective of this thesis is overcoming the non-scalability of distributed control problems for larges -scale systems. The second objective is using minimum information of other subsystems in the design layer. First, the problems of designing a structured controller minimizing the H_2 and H_∞ norms of the closed-loop system have been formulized and stated as semidefinite optimization problems. Then in order to use the fundamental results that links the chordal graphs and... 

Building complex and functional tissues and organs is very challenging. One of the challenges is building an efficient network of blood vessels that can be used to facilitate the transport of nutrients and oxygen to the host. In addition to using channels for oxygen supply, another solution is to use oxygen-carrying materials. In this study, in addition to designing and simulating scaffolds with multi-scale microchannels, calcium peroxide was used to release oxygen and eliminate hypoxia in the scaffold. Here alginate is used as the main material for scaffolding. In an attempt to build a scaffold using a bio-printer, pluronic acid was also used as a sacrificial material to create canals.... 

This research studied optimal combination therapy of diseases with uncertain evolutionary dynamics. The problem of neutralizing HIV virus in the host’s body was modeled as a convex optimization problem whose objective function is minimizing disturbance effect while the disease dynamics is stable in the presence of polytopic uncertainty.In the first part of this thesis, according to the characteristics of positive systems, the convexity of H2 and H∞ in the presence of polytopic uncertainty was shown. To solve the minimization problem of disturbance effect, an algorithm based on minimizing a cutting plane was used. This algorithm, with solving the minimization problem iteratively in each step... 

Chronic kidney disease is one of the silent diseases that progresses slowly, often without symptoms, and can eventually lead to kidney loss. Early detection of this disease can help diagnose it and prevent further problems. Urinary creatinine is an effective biomarker for early diagnosis of chronic kidney disease, but methods available in clinics are problematic for people living in disadvantaged areas because of the high cost and the need for 24-hour urine collection. Currently, paper-based microfluidic devices are being developed because they are easy to manufacture, inexpensive, the fluid is permeable by capillary force, and no additional equipment is needed. In this work, to fabricate a...