Sharif Digital Repository

EROI is an indicator to analyse energy productivity of a resource. EROI of Sirri operation unit is assessed in two different levels. Direct energy consumption and total associated gas are used in first and second level respectively. Two important aspects of the present research are considering environmental externalities and estimation of EROI related to outputs of multi-production systems. Also a model is introduced to identify relationship between oil price and EROI. Energy Abatement Cost is used to include environmental externalities to EROI. Thre benchmarks – price, energy and exergy content and exergy cost – are considered as a basis to for estimating EROI. Using LCA for taking into... 

The purpose of the present study is to develope an optimal model for analysis the impact of implementing a heat recovery system in a cement production line. For this goal, the energy reference system of a cement plant has been prepared, mass and energy balance sheets of the cement factory with dry production method, the characteristics of two high-energy streams have been identified in order to estimate the potential of heat recovery. Regarding the temperature range of the main hot streams, an appropriate cycle for generating electrical power from the lost heat, the Rankine cycle with organic fluid (ORC) has been formulated. The main question in the present project was how to relate the... 

Sustainable development of the energy sector, as a resource-consuming sector with high environmental emissions, is essential. Especially in energy-intensive countries such as Iran with a sensitive environment, the sustainability considerations are more critical. The sustainability may be achieved when all pillars (economic, social, and environmental) are considered in a balanced manner. Previous economic experiences show the incapability of the market view in proper consideration of the ecosystem assets. Therefore, and in contrast to the economic view, in the physical approaches the limited capacity of the cosystem bounds the economic activities for meeting social welfare. In this view, the... 

Oil and gas upstream, is one of the major parts of the energy chain in the world. Processes of production, transportation, processing and conversion of energy carriers are the main parts of this sector. Process units of oil and gas upstream industry are some of most local and global pollution resources in the world. In this research, the consideration of the pollutions from the production, processing and conversion of fossil fuels sector and the optimization of the management choices of each pollutant is subjected. Consideration of the pollutants related to the upstream sector, pollution control and management choices, cost accounting of the environmental impacts, the methods of accounting... 

By increasing the penetration of distributed generation (DG) technologies such as photovoltaiec, μCHP etc, power generation system is moving from a centralized network to a distributed scheme with different generation units at lower level of voltage.This trend will provide the opportunity for cosumers to make decision when and which source of energy to use, due to the owner’s objectives. Here, to investigate these aspects, we use the energy hub framework, considering different energy carrier networks, DGs and storage devices. In this thesis, we model and simulate an energy system containing three interconnected energy hubs, which serve as interface between suppliers and consummers. In an... 

The iron and steel industry has faced several challenges during the recent years. There has always been an aspiration towards higher economic profitability for the system. During the mid 1970s and 1980s the energy crises caused a dramatic rise in energy costs, which led to an increased awareness in energy conservation. In recent years, climate change issues have become more important for the industry. The operating practices for an industrial system are often affected by external restrictions concerning the economical, energy and environmental efficiency of the system. There are a large number of ways to increase the system efficiency, e.g. installation of new process equipment, and practice... 

In a single chemical plant, the operation of each unit operation is not independent of each other. In the other hand, the main operations are performed in reactors following by several separation steps including distillation and purification units. The total energy requirements are sullied by the heat exchanger networks. The performance of these systems is improved by integration and intensification of the reactor and distillation column in a single unit. The main objective of the present work is to provide an effective design approach to intensify the reactor and distillation column. In a reactive distillation column, the reaction and separation is done in a single unit. Increasing... 

Nowadays, cement has become the cornerstone of any modern society especially in developing countries. But, cement production process is highly energy intensive and emits significant volumes of carbon dioxide.According to the latest reports, Iranian cement industry accounts for about 14.5% of total industrial sector’s energy consumption and this indicates the importance of sustainable development for cement industry concerning national energy and environmental constraints.Based on these facts, current study assesses the technology improvement opportunities particularly waste heat recovery power generation (WHRPG) technology for Iranian cement industry. This needs identifying optimized mass... 

Different disadvantages associated with using fossil fuels as the main energy source including crisis of wells’ depletion and serious environmental problems, causing by the emission of large quantities of greenhouse gases (GHG), especially carbon dioxide (CO2), has increased attention to replacing them with renewable and clean fuels such as wind, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Hydrogen, as a clean energy carrier, is one of the best fuels in terms of the environment and cost. So, it is recently receiving increasing attention and it may one day replace fossil fuels for various applications such as in automobiles and power stations. The main subject of this thesis was surveying the... 

ECO region is perched near to three main energy sources, namely, Russia, Persian Gulf, and Caspian Sea. In this regards, the ECO members consider their co-operation in three directions, namely Trade, Energy, and Transportation, as their main priority. The main strategy of the ECO organization in energy issue is twofold: 1) to speed-up the optimum usage of energy sources with minimal cost and, 2) enables access to each other's markets and also to the international market. In fact, the energy producer countries as well as the energy transferor countries, both have a close role in the process of production and proffering. The increased dimensions and complexity of inter-related energy system... 

Thermal energy and water in flue gases varies with the type of fuel and thermal conversion system. Flue gas temperature is maintained in the range of 140 (℃) to 200 (℃) and it is subject to the sulfur content of the fuel. Vapor content of the flue gas is in the range of 10%_20% of volumetric flow. Considerable part of vapor may be recovered which can be used as cooling water make up. There are various means and methods for water capture and heat recovery which includes shell-tube heat exchanger among others. Selection of appropriate material and heat exchanger is conditioned by corrosion, temperature of flue gas and it’s economic feasibility. Identification of an optimal design of... 

The Middle-East with its enormous fossil fuel resources is considered as one of the most important regions with regard to the future world energy outlook. The region produced more than 32% and 16% of the world oil and gas, respectively, in 2012 and contains more than 48% of proven oil and 43% of proven gas reserves in the world and with 78 years of reserves-to-production ratio (RPR or R/P) has a key role in global energy provision. However, the energy issues in the region are intensifying. For instance, the fossil resources are pushed to the second half of their life time due to massive exploitation which results in change in production processes and raises the need for energy investment, on... 

Hydro power is a clean energy resource which has numerous advantages over other renewable energy systems including competitiveness with fossil fuel systems, high reliability, considerable potential, and availability of technology. These advantages have drawn attention to hydropower systems. Small Hydro Power (SHP) systems can be used for supplying the demand of rural and remote areas where electricity network rarely exists. SHP may also provide an investment opportunity. Comprehensive analysis of design features and operation of SHP and management of risks involved requires development and application of reliable analytical tools. The present research aims at developing a model for optimal... 

Energy supply system model (ESM) is used as an analytical tool for policy making and optimizing the allocation of energy resources, selecting the best combination of energy carriers and technologies, and also determining required investments for development and operation of energy supply system, in order to meet the useful demand of energy. Although the modeled process in this Bottom-Up mathematical tool has deterministic characteristics, but evolution of exogenous parameters for energy sector have uncertainty which may impact on results of energy model. Limitations of applied methods for application of deterministic energy models under uncertain conditions result that all uncertain...