Sharif Digital Repository

Matrix Product States (MPS) is an analytical formalism to construct solvable many-body quan-tum models, which is based on the concepts of quantum information and computation theory. In this dissertation, We briefly review the history of matrix product states. We follow these states from quantum Markovian states(QMS) and valence bond solid states(VBS) to finitely correlated states(FCS) and matrix product states(MPS). We then present our method of study-ing and working with MP states and we introduce and study in detail the 1D and quasi-1D solvable spin models that we have been able to successfully construct in this frame work and calculate the corresponding correlations and quantities. These... 

A large number of structures and substructures, such as piles, have damaged or even yielded the entire structure during seismic loading. The kinematic interaction of piles under seismic loading has been widely studied from analytical, experimental, and numerical perspectives. In numerical modeling, most existing literature relies on simplified approaches to describe the soil-pile interaction, which leads to the need for more reliable and comprehensive research. In this research, the seismic response of the soil-pile system was investigated through a fully nonlinear three-dimensional numerical analysis in the time domain using the FLAC3D program. This model simulates the dependence of soil... 

The conversion of CO2 gas into value-add chemicals known as solar fuel technology attracted much consideration from the beginning of the 21st century owing to the potential of this technology in solving the climate change and energy shortage issues. In the present study, a well-known photocatalyst, TiO2, was doped with Bismuth element and was subjected to Pt nanoparticles loading as a cocatalyst to boost the photocatalytic CO2 conversion. Pristine TiO2 and Bi-doped samples were prepared by sol gel method. Then, a facile photo-deposition method was employed to introduce Pt onto the surface of TiO2. Various characterization techniques including XRD, DRS, BET, PL, FTIR, FESEM and TEM, were used... 

The aim of this project is to investigate and synthesize CaO-based nanocatalysts derived from chicken eggshell calcination with alkali metals and sodium-potassium compounds promoters used in the transesterification reaction of canola oil and methanol. Sections of this thesis include the synthesis of nanocatalysts, catalyst characterization tests, and investigation of reaction under optimal conditions. Two groups of catalysts containing different weight percentages of alkali metals based on CaO and 1 %wt sodium-potassium based on CaO with different weight percentages of these two elements were synthesized by wet impregnation method and used in the reaction under optimum condition. Catalyst... 

Due to the increasing consumption of fuel, the use of new methods with high efficiency to remove sulfur from fossil fuels is felt more than ever. Hydrogenation and oxidation of sulfur organic matter, such as thiophenes, is an old method of desulfurization of liquid fuels. Using a photocatalyst, everything can be done in an environment that is very low cost. In this study, the photocatalytic elimination of dibenzothiophene was investigated. For this purpose, carbon-doped thiamine dioxide was used as the photocatalytic base, which is synthesized by hydrothermal method. This method is the same source of titanium and carbon. To increase the performance of the catalyst, platinum metal was loaded... 

During the last few decades, efforts have been made to replace fossil fuels with clean and non-absorbent energy sources. One of the promising strategies is energy production by hydrogen storage using water splitting. For this purpose, different methods of using light, heat and electricity are provided. Electrolysis of water with a simple environment such as very high purity of hydrogen produced, controllable, device, no need for high temperature and pressure in the reactor and huge potential for industrial applications has been very much considered. Water electrolysis consists of two reactions: reduction of water to hydrogen (HER) and oxidation of water to oxygen (OER). The second reaction... 

In recent decades, desulfurization processes have become necessary to reduce environmental pollution due to fuel sulfur emissions. In this research, in order to photocatalytic oxidation desulfurization of liquid fuel, a model fuel (normal octane) under visible light irradiation of 250 W sodium lamp, using H2O2 oxidant and methanol solvent in the presence of BMO/Fe@MIL(x%) composite. BMO and Fe@MIL were investigated. From the tests, X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscope imaging, absorption and desorption of nitrogen gas, infrared spectrometer-Fourier transform, visible-ultraviolet reflection spectroscopy, optical radiation spectroscopy and vibration magnetometer in... 

The main goal of this thesis is introducing a method to design optimum nanoantenna arrays for detection applications. The proposed method is based on the multiple-scattering T-matrix in connection with the Ewald method. The formulation is systematic, quite general, easily traceable, and fast. Its high speed of analysis makes it well suited to design optimizations.In particular, we calculate multiple-scattering terms of the T-matrix formulation with the Ewald method. To the best of our knowledge no report on derivation of the T-matrix of a 3D (or even 2D) periodic array from the T-matrix of the isolated element, based on Ewald method has been reported before.Finally, a software has been... 

The aqueous phase reforming (APR) of glycerol is an attractive yet challenging pathway to convert abundant biomass into value added hydrogen. Pt catalysts have received attention due to their ability to produce hydrogen-rich gas under APR conditions. In this work, the conversion of glycerol into hydrogen is demonstrated using Pt0.05CexZr0.95-xO2 (x=0, 0.29, 0.475, 0.66 and 0.95) solid solution catalysts and a series of M-doped Pt-MgO (M = Pd, Ir, Re, Ru, Rh and Cr) sheet-shaped nano-catalysts. Both characteristic (XRD, BET, H2-TPR, CO-chemisorption, TEM and XPS) and reactivity measurements were used to investigate the activity of the catalysts. Results indicated that reactivity depended on... 

Excitation of Localized Surface Plasmons, which is one of the features of the metal nanostructures, results in the confinement of light in the dimensions smaller than the incidence wavelength, and even lower than the fundamental diffraction limit. This property causes electric field enhancement at surface, helping the occurrence of Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS). The amount of electric field enhancement and its resonance frequency depend on the type of material, its geometrical properties and its shape, and the arrangement of the scattering particles. Also, properties of surrounding environment material and the type of the excited mode of the structure, and the incidence wave... 

The aim of this project is to fabricate and study heterogeneous CaO-based nanocatalysts with lithium and zinc enhancers for the esterification reaction of rapeseed oil and methanol to produce biodiesel as a renewable and alternative fuel for fossil fuels. Is. First, Zn-Li / CaO catalysts with weight ratio Li: Zn: CaO, 2: 2: 7 and by combining different percentages of Li100% promoter, Li75% -Zn25%, Li50% -Zn50%, Li25% -Zn75%, 100% Zn were made on the basis of CaO by wet inoculation. Characterization tests to evaluate the structure and characterization such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (EDX) spectroscopy, Bruner-Emmett-Teller... 

In recent decades, desulfurization processes have become essential to decrease environmental pollution due to the emission of sulfur from fuels. In this study, in order to desulfurize liquid fuel, a model fuel (normal heptane) was investigated under visible light ) 350-watt sodium lamp(, using H2O2 as oxidant and methanol as a solvent in the presence of Cu-C-TiO2 nanostructure. C-TiO2 was synthesized by the hydrothermal method. In order to modify and improve the properties, we doped the copper metal by impregnation method with different loading of Cu. Experimental results exhibited the highest activity among samples attributed to 0.5% Cu-C-TiO2 Which caused 98.27% degradation of DBT after 2... 

The increase in demand for liquid hydrocarbon fuels in recent years in the transportation sector as well as in industry has led to an increase in the concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere. Sulfur oxides are known as one of the most challenging pollutants in the world today. In recent years, with the increase in the amount of pollutants in the air and the problems caused by them, which endanger the health of the society, sensitivities have arisen regarding the entry of pollutants into the air. Therefore, the Environmental Protection Organization has set specific standards regarding the allowed amount of sulfur in liquid fuels. One of the new ways to reduce the amount of sulfur in... 

Carbon dioxide photocatalytic reduction is one of the promising methods used to produce a wide range of renewable hydrocarbon fuels using sunlight in the presence of photocatalysts. In this study, a series of Nickel and Bismuth doped titanium dioxide samples were synthesized by Sol-gel method. After performing photocatalytic carbon dioxide recovery experiments and finding the optimum percentage of Nickel and Bismuth doped titanium dioxide,Ni and Bi co-doped TiO2 sample showed the highest photocatalytic activity. Amount of methane production was 21.13 μmol/gcat in the presence of co-doped sample that was about 6.5 times higher than the amount of methane produced in the presence of pure TiO2... 

Ti-UIO-66(Zr) nanocomposites have been prepared via a modified one-step solvothermal methodology and evaluated in photocatalytic oxidative desulfurization. Extensive characterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis DRS), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), nitrogen adsorption-desorption, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), have revealed the role of Ti loading, on Ti speciation and the structure of the composite materials. Their performance have been...