Sharif Digital Repository

Line generators were attractive structures for high-power radio frequency (RF) pulse generation for two decades. Due to some disadvantages, there has been little attention to this type of generator for a relatively long time. In this paper, a nonuniform line generator is used which resolves some of the main shortcomings of conventional line generators. The considered generator can generate RF pulses at higher frequencies with considerably higher repetition rates. Furthermore, the implementation of nonuniform line generators is significantly easier than that of their conventional counterparts. Measurement results for three nonuniform line generators are presented. The possibility of... 

In some well-known passive localization methods, when the number of equations equals the number of unknown object coordinates, there arise finite number of possible solutions. A localization disambiguation technique is required to identify the correct solution in these cases. As an example, the exact solution of time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) based equations for four receiver sites, leads to a couple of solutions with only one of them being the true target position. This ambiguity, conventionally is resolved by using angle-of-arrival (AOA) measurements or using an additional receiver site which increase the cost and complexity of the system. In this paper a localization disambiguation... 

Passive localisation of non-cooperative targets through their electromagnetic emissions is an attractive issue. This localisation task can be carried out using multitude of receiver sites being linked together. This multiplicity, however, brings about difficulties in organising and coordinating the sites. One can even claim that the method is no longer passive considering the necessary communication links between the sites. On the other hand, single-site localisation methods basically overcome these difficulties eliminating the need for inter-site communications. In this study, a single-site localisation method is presented and analysed. This method is applicable to scenarios with a large... 

In some well-known passive localization methods, when the number of equations equals the number of unknown object coordinates, there arise finite number of possible solutions. A localization disambiguation technique is required to identify the correct solution in these cases. As an example, the exact solution of time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) based equations for four receiver sites, leads to a couple of solutions with only one of them being the true target position. This ambiguity conventionally is resolved by using angle-of-arrival measurements or using an additional receiver site, which increase the cost and complexity of the system. In this paper, a localization disambiguation... 

A megawatt-range short pulse generator based on the diode step recovery phenomenon and the Marx generator idea is presented. This generator utilizes both opening and closing switches in one circuit. The proposed circuit is compact, light, and low cost and is driven by a low-power source. By using a three-stage Marx generator, the output peak power of 0.6 MW was obtained. The dimensions of the generator are 8 cm $ imes8$ cm. Experimental measurements of the output pulse characteristics showed a rise time of 100 ns for a 16- $Omega $ load. The input peak power was 4 W which showed more than 105 times increase in the pulse peak power. © 1973-2012 IEEE  

A high-power short-pulse generator based on the dual action of two coupled diodes, a high-voltage step recovery diode and a high-current diode, is presented. This is made possible using a gas discharge tube. Both analysis and SPICE simulation show about 20-dB peak power increment. This gives a high output power level of 5.7 MW with 1-ns pulsewidth and 450-kHz repetition rate obtained from an input average power of 7.1 kW. An efficiency of about 73% is obtained with more than 30 dB increase in the average power delivered to a 50-Ω load  

In this paper, a novel method for high-repetition-rate high-power radio frequency (RF) pulse generation, which involves only passive solid-state devices and is capable of being used for generating high power microwaves using a low-to-high power converting scheme based on nonlinear self-compression is proposed. The method is also expected to be of low jitter. In the proposed circuit, two high voltage diodes with proper reverse recovery characteristics are used. The simulation results show that the proposed circuit generates RF pulses, with central frequencies up to gigahertz range. By applying a sub-kilowatt power supply, the maximum output power was well over 10 kW. This power can be... 

The nonlinearity of a nonlinear transmission line (NLTL) may have a variety of forms. The Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation is the governing equation of a highly specific category of NLTLs having a C - V characteristic as C(V) = C0 (1-bV), but works as an approximate model in a general NLTL having any other kinds of nonlinearities. Here, the soliton response of a varactor-loaded NLTL is studied analytically. The presented analysis gives the exact nonlinear partial differential equation (PDE) governing these networks. It is shown that the obtained PDE, being different from the KdV equation, has soliton solutions showing the well-known properties of the KdV solitons. These obtained solitons... 

The input current of a nonlinear transmission line (NLTL), driven by a step voltage pulse, was analyzed theoretically. As specific results of the analysis, two basic parameters of NLTLs were formulated for the first time: the energy injected to NLTLs and their characteristic impedance. The energy delivered to an NLTL by a square voltage source, with a series resistance of RS, is given by a closed-form formula, which depends on the NLTL parameters and the input pulse characteristics. Considering the importance of the problem of the determining the injected energy content in a wide variety of the different applications of NLTLs, the obtained result will be of great importance, facilitating the... 

A novel high-voltage direct current (HVdc) power supply which has no transformer or voltage multiplier circuit is presented and analyzed in this paper. This is made possible upon the diodes storage delay phenomenon. This proposed power supply is compact, lightweight, and low cost. Its basic structure includes a diode with a proper reverse recovery specification that plays the role of a step-up transformer in the conventional HVdc supplies and a high-voltage capacitor which stabilizes the output voltage. This structure has remarkable advantages over the conventional transformer-based HVdc supplies, such as compactness, a low ripple output, and a low-cost power supply. Performance of the... 

Properly terminating a transmission line, in order to transfer the maximum available power to the load, is an important issue. The problem, fully analyzed in linear lines, is still considered as a persisting problem in the area of nonlinear transmission lines (NLTLs). In this paper, an accurate analysis is presented which gives a closed-form formula for the matching efficiency of the NLTLs. Using this analysis, optimal resistive terminating load for the NLTLs was extracted. These results will considerably ease the design of all kinds of the NLTL-based systems, such as high-frequency oscillators and ultrashort pulse generators. This consistent analysis also gives the reflection coefficient... 

Nonlinear transmission lines (NLTLs) are passive networks with the capability of modulating baseband pulses. These networks are used for generating RF pulses at high-power levels. NLTLs have a unique performance in high-power RF pulse generation among all the generators based on the solid-state technology. A high-power rectangular pulse is injected to the line, gradually evolved into an oscillatory pulse while propagating through the network, and finally, in the form of a high-power RF pulse, is delivered to the load. Properly terminating an NLTL, in order to transfer the maximum available RF power to the load, is an important problem. In this paper, an accurate analysis is presented, which... 

Nonlinear transmission lines (NLTLs) are one of the most prominent solid-state sources of high-power RF pulses. However, there is no integrated mathematical basis, which predicts adequately the generated waveforms on an NLTL and those delivered to the load. This analysis is required for designing and optimizing these transmission lines. Most works in this area are related to experimental studies and results. In this paper, we have developed a theoretical basis, which predicts all the required characteristics of the generated RF pulses on a lossy NLTL. The RF amplitude, the maximum voltage, and the central frequency of the generated pulses at each node of an NLTL are formulated. All the... 

Drift step recovery diodes (DSRDs) have a special place in high-power short-pulse generation. In this paper, a cascaded configuration of two DSRD-based high-power short-pulse generators with gas discharge switches was used. The high-power pulses generated in the first stage feed the second stage in order to generate shorter pulses with higher peak powers. A prototype was implemented based on this idea. In the first stage, 1.2-kV pulses were generated from a 50-V power supply. At the output of the second stage, 2.1-kV pulses with a repetition rate of more than 50 Hz were obtained. The output peak voltage was limited by the breakdown voltage of the used DSRD. Repetitive pulses with 4-ns rise... 

A high-power short-pulse generator based on the diode step recovery phenomenon and high repetition rate discharges in a two-electrode gas discharge tube is presented. The proposed circuit is simple and low cost and driven by a low-power source. A full analysis of this generator is presented which, considering the nonlinear behavior of the gas tube, predicts the waveform of the output pulse. The proposed method has been shown to work properly by implementation of a kW-range prototype. Experimental measurements of the output pulse characteristics showed a rise time of 3.5 ns, with pulse repetition rate of 2.3 kHz for a 47-Ω load. The input peak power was 2.4 W, which translated to about... 

Fundamental constraints imposing power-frequency trade-offs in conventional electronics have stimulated research on alternative technologies for millimeter-wave and sub-millimeter-wave applications. In this work, we use the picosecond threshold firing of nanoplasma switches to demonstrate on-chip millimeter-wave modulators that rely only on a single metal layer. We show amplitude shift keying (ASK) modulation with self-synthesized carrier frequencies up to 66 GHz (limited by the bandwidth of our experimental setup), with output powers up to 30 dBm. These all-metal nanoplasma modulators are low cost, and generally compatible with different platforms, from CMOS and III-V compounds to flexible... 

Secure routing is a major key to service maintenance in ad hoc networks. Ad hoc nature exposes the network to several types of node misbehavior or attacks. As a result of the resource limitations in such networks nodes may have a tendency to behave selfishly. Selfish behavior can have drastic impacts on network performance. We have proposed a Misbehavior-Tolerant Multipath Routing protocol (MTMR) which detects and punishes all types of misbehavior such as selfish behavior, wormhole, sinkhole and grey-hole attacks. The protocol utilizes a proactive approach to enforce cooperation. In addition, it uses a novel data redirection method to mitigate the impact of node misbehavior on network...