Sharif Digital Repository

The inherent complexities of multi-reservoir flood control systems and their operation conditions along with the improvements of optimization methods have led to a positive trend on better development of these models. This trend tends to provide the operators of these systems with more practical solutions. Although optimization models can provide appropriate solutions for operation of multi-reservoir systems, the exact implementation of these solutions in real world is not guaranteed. This arises mainly due to high level risk of flood situation, real time operation constraints, high level uncertainties of inflows that usually are overlooked in optimization models, and so on. These problems... 

Urmia Lake is a large hyper-saline lake located in the northwest of Iran. It plays an important role in the hydrology, climate and ecology of its surrounding regions. In recent years, the water level of Urmia Lake has been dropped significantly. This study investigates the seasonal and annual variations of the lake area from 2000 to 2011 using remote sensing data. MODIS imageries of Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI) were used to extract the water surface area of the lake. Results reveal a significant decline in the lake area during the last past 12 years. Analysis of the seasonal images shows that maximum and minimum areas of Urmia Lake usually occur in winter and autumn,... 

System Dynamics approach is a powerful tool in water resources systems simulation for evaluating proposed plans and policies in development projects. In Aras River basin, existing water resources do not suffice increasing demand in the near future, thus construction of new reservoirs is under study. In this study, system dynamics approach is used to simulate the water resources system of Darehrood sub basin located in eastern part of Aras River basin. Performance indices are used to evaluate the alternative plans and policies.. Reliability, resiliency and vulnerability, the three performance indices used in study, are estimated using maximum value and mean value estimators mentioned in the... 

Despite the economic and environmental advantages of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), the increased utilization of PHEVs brings up new concerns for power distribution system decision makers. Impacts of PHEVs on distribution networks, although have been proven to be noticeable, have not been thoroughly investigated for future years. In this paper, a comprehensive model is proposed to study the PHEV impacts on residential distribution systems. In so doing, PHEV fundamental characteristics, i.e., PHEV battery capacity, PHEV state of charge (SOC), and PHEV energy consumption in daily trips, are accurately modeled. As some of these effective characteristics depend on vehicle owner's... 

In this paper we analyze the relationship between entropy and information in the context of the mixing process of two identical ideal gases. We will argue that entropy has a special information-based feature that is enfolded in the statistical entropy, but the second law does not include it directly. Therefore, in some given processes in thermodynamics where there is no matter and energy interaction between the system and the environment, the state of the system may go toward a situation of lower probability to increase the observer's information about the environment. This is a kind of information-based interaction in which the total entropy is not constrained by the second law  

In the experimental verification of Bell's inequalities in real photonic experiments, it is generally believed that the so-called fair sampling assumption (which means that a small fraction of results provide a fair statistical sample) has an unavoidable role. Here, we want to show that the interpretation of these experiments could be feasible, if some different alternative assumptions other than the fair sampling were used. For this purpose, we derive an efficient Bell-type inequality which is a CHSH-type inequality in real experiments. Quantum mechanics violates our proposed inequality, independent of the detection-efficiency problems. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group Ltd  

Two new formulations of Bell's theorem are given here. First, we consider a definite set of two entangled photons with only two polarization directions, for which Bell's locality assumption is violated for the case of perfect correlation. Then, using a different approach, we prove an efficient Bell-type inequality which is violated by some quantum mechanical predictions, independent of the efficiency factors. © 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co, KGaA, Weinheim  

In order to design Button Beam Position Monitors (BPMs) for synchrotron facilities, one algorithm by C# have been developed which can calculate all required parameters to analyze optimal design based on vacuum chamber and button dimensions. Beam position monitors are required to get beam stabilities on submicron levels. For this purpose, different parameters such as capacitance, sensitivity versus bandwidth, intrinsic resolution, induced charge and voltage on buttons are calculated. Less intrinsic resolution and high sensitivity and capacitance are desired. To calculate induced charge and voltage on each button, Poisson's equation has been solved by Green method. For sensitivities... 

Despite the economic and environmental advantages of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), the increased utilization of PHEVs brings up new concerns for power distribution system decision makers. Impacts of PHEVs on distribution networks, although have been proven to be noticeable, have not been thoroughly investigated for future years. In this paper, a comprehensive model is proposed to study the PHEV impacts on residential distribution systems. In so doing, PHEV fundamental characteristics, i.e., PHEV battery capacity, PHEV state of charge (SOC), and PHEV energy consumption in daily trips, are accurately modeled. As some of these effective characteristics depend on vehicle owner's... 

Smart grids are envisioned to support large penetrations of electrical vehicles driven by economical and environmental signals. Nevertheless, distribution system operators are becoming concerned about distribution congestion that may occur in the network with multiple domestic plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) charging. Therefore, investigating the impacts of high PHEV penetration levels on the performance of distribution networks seems to be essential for system operators and planners. Doing so, in this paper, PHEV characteristics are precisely extracted from valid published reports and surveys. Accordingly, a comprehensive model for investigating the impacts of different PHEV... 

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) technology provides one of the most promising solutions to tackle the threatening challenges such as air pollution in urban areas. Dramatic increases in the number of PHEVs could have major impacts on power system operations because of their high electricity demand. From the distribution system operator facet, distribution system congestion during PHEVs charging is an economic and security concern. It is, therefore, necessary to investigate the effects of widespread using of PHEVs on the performance of distribution networks. In this paper, PHEV characteristics are exactly studied and a comprehensive model for investigation of PHEV impacts is achieved.... 

Smart grids are envisioned to support large penetrations of electrical vehicles driven by economical and environmental signals. Nevertheless, distribution system operators are becoming concerned about distribution congestion that may occur in the network with multiple domestic plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) charging. Therefore, investigating the impacts of high PHEV penetration levels on the performance of distribution networks seems to be essential for system operators and planners. Doing so, in this paper, PHEV characteristics are precisely extracted from valid published reports and surveys. Accordingly, a comprehensive model for investigating the impacts of different PHEV... 

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) technology provides one of the most promising solutions to tackle the threatening challenges such as air pollution in urban areas. Dramatic increases in the number of PHEVs could have major impacts on power system operations because of their high electricity demand. From the distribution system operator facet, distribution system congestion during PHEVs charging is an economic and security concern. It is, therefore, necessary to investigate the effects of widespread using of PHEVs on the performance of distribution networks. In this paper, PHEV characteristics are exactly studied and a comprehensive model for investigation of PHEV impacts is achieved.... 

Assuming the completeness of quantum mechanics, Mohrhoff has recently presented a new interpretation in which the probabilistic description of quantum mechanics is introduced on the basis of counterfactual statements. The macroscopic positions are assumed to be intrinsic, self-indicating and real, while the properties of the microscopic world are contingent and extrinsic, depending on what happens in the macro-world. Mohrhoff's interpretation emphasizes the objective fuzziness of all quantum phenomena, assigning objective probabilities to the possible outcomes of unperformed measurements. He extends this non-valuedness and fuzziness to the concepts of space and time and introduces a new... 

Chemical potential is a property which involves the effect of interaction between the components of a system, and it results from the whole system. In this paper, we argue that for two particles which have interacted via their spins and are now spatially separated, the so-called Bell's locality condition implies that the chemical potential of each particle is an individual property. Here is a point where quantum statistical mechanics and the local hidden variable theories are in conflict. Based on two distinct concepts of chemical potential, the two theories predict two different patterns for the energy levels of a system of two entangled particles. In this manner, we show how one can... 

Considering the common cause principle, we construct a local-contextual hidden-variable model for the Bohm version of EPR experiment. Our proposed model can reproduce the predictions of quantum mechanics. It can be also extended to classical examples in which similar correlations may be revealed. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved  

It is a current practice to employ composite claya mixture of clay and aggregates that float within the clayey matrixas the core of embankment dams that have classically been constructed from pure clays. Experience has shown that significant pore pressures could build up during cyclic undrained loading in composite clays. This may threaten dam stability during earthquake loading. However, it is difficult to attribute a single value to excess pore pressure in conventional seismic stability analysis because of the random nature of earthquake loading, leading to uncertainty in the evaluation of factor of safety against sliding. This article evaluates the importance of pore pressure build-up in... 

In this paper, we propose an analytical framework in order to compute the throughput capacity of a multi-hop ad hoc network with a finite number of mobile wireless nodes. The proposed framework consists of two related queueing networks; a closed BCMP queueing network to represent the mobility model of the wireless nodes and an open BCMP queueing network comprising symmetric M/G/l nodes to represent the multi-hop packet routing process from sources to destinations. In this respect, we consider very simple MAC and routing schemes and then map the related parameters onto several components of the queueing network. By solving the linear traffic equations corresponding to concerned queueing... 

According to Zeilinger’s information interpretation of quantum mechanics ‘the distinction between reality and our knowledge of reality, between reality and information, cannot be made. They are in a deep sense indistinguishable’. This is what we call Zeilinger’s thesis. This thesis has been criticized as a lapse into ‘informational immaterialism’ and amounting to nothing more than a tautology. However, we will argue that this criticism is based on a pre-Kantian view of reality, namely metaphysical realism which could be questioned on the basis of Putnam’s arguments. Furthermore, it will be argued that to understand Zeilinger’s thesis one should abandon the pre-Kantian perspective of...