Sharif Digital Repository

Subdural hemorrhage (SDH) is one of the most common traumatic brain injuries. The mortality rate of SDH is over 30 percent. In addition, patients require to visit hospital for treatment and further healthcare. According to the costs of treatment and frequency of injuries, prevention of SDH is essential. 3D-Finite element modeling of human head is an appropriate tool for evaluation of injury risk and setting up a prevention tolerance criteria. The aim of this study is to create a 3D finite element model of human head with special consideration of vessels. Vessels are modeled by truss elements at current finite element models of human head; however, geometry of vessels is regarded as simple... 

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among women. Mammography is considered the “gold standard” in the evaluation of the breast lesions from an imaging perspective. But this modality has limitations. Completed studies are used to overcome these limitations. The Positron Emission Mammography (PEM) is the one of these complementary methods. PEM imaging is a molecular imaging modality for the diagnosis of breast cancer. In this thesis, a commercial PEM system as Naviscan PEM has been simulated using the GATE program. This system consists of two parallel planes of detectors, each detector consists of 12 blocks with 6 × 2 array and each block consists of 169 crystals with 13... 

In this thesis the tow-dimensional wave propagation in a functionally graded elastic medium is considered. It is assumed that the stiffness and density of the medium vary continuously in one direction. This work presents analysis in both time and frequency domain. In time domain, a graded element is presented for static and dynamic analyses in FGMs. This element clearly simulates wave propagation in inhomogeneous materials. The most important property which an element must have to be reasonable in wave propagation analyses in FGMs is simulating reflection only from boundaries. In frequency domain a dynamic stiffness matrix is generated using stiffness and mass matrix used in time domain... 

In this research, penetration in a new confined ceramic-metal structure is studied experimentally and numerically. In this new structure, ceramic tile is confined on its front face by an aluminum foil. First, penetration experiment in 5 mm thick Al 1100 plate carried out. The ballistic limit velocity is obtained about 140 m/s. The difference between experiment and numerical simulation is lower than 5 percent. Then penetration analysis of 10 mm thick Alumina tiles is carried out experimentally and numerically in confined and unconfined conditions. Ceramic tiles are in square shape with 50 mm side length. The ballistic limit velocity for unconfined and confined ceramic tiles are obtained about... 

Nonholonomic constraints are a vast portion of constraints that happen in variety of dynamics applications such as robotics and control. In this project we present a new form of D’Alembert’s principle and employ it to generalize classical methods of Analytical Dynamics. It results in a new formulations which can be implemented to solve constrained dynamical systems either holonomic or nonholonomic. These formulations do not have any restrictions on the order of the nonholonomic constraints and can analyze high order nonholonomic constraints (HONCs) as well as first order constraints. In addition using these formulation one can find equations of motion of nonholonomic systems without... 

Nanostructured materials are a new kind of engineering materials which attracted researchers’ interest because of their interesting mechanical /physical properties, as well as controllable microstructural design ability for desired applications. These new materials are homogeneous at the macroscale but at the microstructural level, may have heterogeneities including common nanostructures. Because of multiscale nature of these materials, new multiscale methods should be developed and used for better understanding the behavior of them. Multiscale methods could be categorized into concurrent and hierarchical methods. In concurrent methods, the domain under study is explicitly divided into... 

Periodic orbits in a three-body problem are important issues. These orbits are mostly unstable. The Main reason of this instability is the second mass gravity. So, these orbits are deviated from Keplerian orbits. Besides, controlling a spaceship in these orbits is an important issue. In this research stability of these orbits are studied. We used Flouquet and Lyuponov exponents for measuring the instability. We introduced a new method for double Poincare map, as well. These maps can show the system changes in state space. In addition to above we introduced an algorithm that can reduce the time of periodic orbit finding. The conventional and unconventional control methods for stabilizing a... 

In modelling of large deformations in deformable solids, rate type constitutive equations are of great importance. In order to fulfill the material objectivity conditions it is necessary to choose an objective rate of stress tensor. On the other hand, using corotational rates, because of their special properties (which are resulted of the fact that varaition of parameters are computed from an observer connected to a rotated triad), in rate type non-linear elastic constitutive equations (called hypo-elastic equations) are notable. In this thesis, the necessary conditions for a linear rate type isotropic tensor-valued function of a tensor argument and its rate to be integrable are driven. In... 

Studying the behavior of materials at high strain rate is necessary for design and analysis of structures subjected to impact loading. Therefore, design and construction of apparatuses that enable us for testing various materials under impact loading is very important. The split Hopkinson pressure bar test -one of the most important impact tests- is utilized for dynamic loading at constant strain rates ranging from 100 to 10000 1/s.
In this thesis, first we explain about the behavior of materials at high strain rates and then focus on the behavior of polymers -that are widely used in different industries- under impact loading. Also, basic concepts of polymeric Hopkinson pressure bar and... 

This thesis has been done in two parts. In part I,a rupture disc wasdesigned. The rupture disc is an important part of a gas gun and is used as a fast response valve whichburst at a predefined pressure. Afterdesign,it has been used instead of an electric valve to increase the maximum velocity that can be achieved by the gas gun. Toavoid fragmentation and to have a better control on rupture pressure,a groove isusuallygraved on the disc. Cross and circumferential grooves werestudied in this thesis. It was found that in most cases the discs with a cross groovewere not fully opened because they have four independent failure paths and these paths should be opened simultaneously. However, having... 

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are smart materials with the ability to recover their original shape. Growing the industrial and laboratory applications of SMAs, the study of their mechanical behavior is extremely important. Recently, the shape memory alloys have been investigated by empirical and experimental methods. The results show that these materials also in nano scale keep up their particular properties to a critical size. Because of the size dependence of the material properties at the nano scale, the constitutive models based on classical continuum mechanics cannot describe phenomena observed in the nano scale. For a successful application of SMAs at nano scale, nonlocal theory can be... 

Thin film solar cells have low efficiency compared to crystalline silicon solar cells; however, they are low-cost and flexible. In manufacturing these solar cells, thin films are deposited at high temperatures (higher than 200℃) on a thick metal, plastic, or glass substrate using sputtering and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) methods. Since the thin films and substrate have different thermal expansion coefficients, cooling the system from deposition temperature to room temperature induces thermal residual stresses in both the films and substrate. In addition, these stresses, especially those induced in the amorphous silicon layer can change the carrier mobility and band gap... 

Bone is one of the most important biomechanical organs in animal bodies which comprises of a dynamic tissue that can change its internal structure through remodeling process. A comprehensive understanding of this process is of great significance in prevention and cure of many bone diseases. Due to the special conditions of hard bone tissue, empirical studies on the details of bone processes is very costly and time consuming. Thus, mathematical models and in silico simulations are key to unraveling how bone homeostasis imbalance can lead to pathological conditions. Therefore, in the recent years, there has been an increasing interest in modeling bone remodeling process in cellular level. In... 

Gyrover is a kind of robot which can move with only one single wheel. In this robot, all the mechanical and electronics’ systems are placed in the wheel of robot. So the wheel of robot is the boundary which separates the inner equipment of gyrover with outside environment. In this robot, only one wheel is used for moving, so the amount of friction of movement in gyrover robot is less in comparison with two and more wheeled vehicles. Because of this gyrover can move to more domains. Gyrover robot can move both on land and water. Gyrover robot is not intrinsically stable which means that it cannot stand on ground. So for stability of gyrover another dynamic system should be used. The best... 

In this thesis, employing the definition of an effective configuration in the Continuum Damage-Healing Mechanics (CDHM), mechanical responses of elf-healing materials are investigated. Firstly, a constitutive model is proposed to investigate damage and healing phenomena in concrete materials. In order to consider the different behavior of concretes in tension and compression, a spectral decomposition of the stress is utilized. In addition, employing the Clausius-Duhem inequality and considering the irreversible thermodynamics, conjugate forces of the damage and healing are expressed. The Gibbs potential energy is decomposed into three parts; elastic, damage and healing. In the next section,... 

Railway transportation is a subsystem of the conventional land transportation mode which has considerable advantages including the reduction of air pollution, improving the economic parameters, capability of mass transport of freight and passenger, and much higher safety, in comparison to other modes. The maintenance costs originating from the low longevity of the wheels and the high detachment of wagons in railways containing sharp curves as well as the difficulty to determine the real wear behavior of train wheels are some of the important challenges of railway transportation system. In this thesis, firstly, the parameters relating to the wheels was investigated by the measurements of the... 

Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of death worldwide. Atherosclerosis is one of the major types of cardiovascular diseases in which fibrous and fatty materials, called plaque, build up inside the artery and cause partial or total occlusion of the artery. Intravascular balloon angioplasty with or without stenting is the most common treatment of this disease. In 2010, approximately 954000 stent implantations were performed in the United States. The major issue associated with stenting is reclosure or renarrowing of the transverse section of the artery termed in-stent restenosis (ISR). Unfortunately, nearly one–third of the patients
who receive stent implantation require further... 

Dynamic Object Manipulation (DOM) and Dynamic Biped Locomotion (DBL) are certainly two major categories in robotics, which attract much attention of scientists. Their (hybrid) nonlinear dynamics usually make them challenging subjects to deal with. Such systems are often used as benchmarks to test new nonlinear control approaches or stability analyses. However, there is not a unified approach to both systems. Although it seems that DOM and DBL systems are completely different at first view, we deeply believe that essential similarities exist between these two robotic fields. In this dissertation, we study the correlation of DOM and DBL while addressing passive, underactuated, and fully...