Sharif Digital Repository

Urmia Lake is a strong electrolyte containing various salts, with a thermodynamic identity. Changes in the temperature and volume of lake water cause a change in the concentration of ions in this brine as well as the composition and precipitation of salts in the lake. As a result of these changes, the thermodynamic properties of brine are also changed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of mixing the rivers entering the lake and calculate and analyze the changes in the quality and hydrogeochemical characteristics of Urmia Lake and the amount of precipitation and dissolution of the main minerals in Urmia Lake during the period of 2007-2013 per month. For this purpose,... 

Nowadays, urban storm water management and wastewater reuse are of main concerns of urban managers. Changes in surface specifications such as imperviousness, manning coefficient, pollutant buildup … during catchment transformation of land use from natural to urban can lead to undesirable change in quality and quantity of catchment's outlet runoff that could cause serious damage to receiving bodies. In recent decades, urban designing's approach has been using detention and quality improvement systems in order to manage urban runoff. Urban runoff and its treatment system (BMP: best management practices) and urban lake (as a receiving body) have been modeled in this research. Velenjak stream's... 

Each country needs water for growing and developing. Water is necessary not only for expansion of cities and industries but also for agricultural development. Agriculture alone uses more than 90 percent of available water in our country. Water limitation and improper and noneconomic use of water are the main factors that limit agricultural development and food production in Iran. So taking appropriate decisions on this issue is necessary to optimize water use. Continuous assessment of water use at different levels in the basin, field and irrigation network is necessary for determining the current status and knowing its strengths and weaknesses and finding practical solutions to improve all... 

Desiccation of different salty lakes around the world has been considered as one of the most critical environmental events. Gradual desiccation of the Lake Urmia and retreatment of its shoreline with respect to ecological level (1274.1 meters) have resulted in new hotspots for dust outbreaks, especially in east and south-east peripheries, which were previously under water. These areas, part of which are salty, are now exposed to open air and susceptible to wind-erosion. Soil moisture, as one of the most important parameters for dust prevention, determines the threshold friction wind speed over playa because it increases the cohesion between soil particles. Therefore, compared with dry soil,... 

The amount of water entering the dam is one of the types of information that has a direct impact on how to plan the discharge and storage of the dam's water supply. Given the precise input streamflow predictions of the next few days, the corresponding authorities can better manage the amount of water that should remain in the storage in the days to come. In this regard, it is no longer necessary to release huge amounts of stored water due to the lack of information on the volume of water entering. Consequently, the volume of water stored in the reservoir, increases. Also, the probability of occurrence of potential hazards such as dam overflow is prevented.Over the last few years, due to the... 

Saline and fresh water lakes comprise a high proportion of the surface water resources and take effects from climate, hydrological, geomorphological changes and human activities in their basins. Variation in area of lakes causes changes in weather and local climate of their basins. Due to high environmental value of lakes and their particular effects on the ecosystem of the region, they have been always center of attention. Lake Urmia as the greatest lake in IRAN and the second largest saline lake in the world always has been considered by many researchers. In recent years Lake Urmia has had many changes such as decrease in area and level. Various factors such as climate change, periodic... 

Increasing water consumption via competitive demands has resulted in serious water conflicts and the subsequent environmental crisis in river basins. The combined effects of climate change on river flow and growing water demand due to population growth, industrial and agricultural developments cause an increase of water scarcity in many basins. This is one of the drivers of both noncompliance with water allocation agreements and conflicts over the property rights to river water. Conflicts often arise when different water users compete for a limited water supply. Thus an integrated, sustainable, efficient and fair water allocation considering changes in water resources due to climate change... 

Despite there are many publications and press on the benefits and costs of dams from a purely single-discipline perspective, but recent studies simultaneously assess biophysical, economic, and social issues as well as concepts related to political geography about dams. The purpose of this study is to model the benefits and costs of constructing a dam from a multi-field perspective. The Integrative Dam Assessment Modeling (IDAM) is designed to integrate biophysical, economic, social and political geography perspectives into a single cost-benefit analysis of dam construction. In particular, a new tool of integrative dam assessment model has been proposed to evaluate the costs and benefits... 

Conservation of water and protection of water resources is considered as an important and fundamental element in sustainable development. In the southern regions of our country, access to fresh water is very difficult and it is very costly to supply. In Kish Island with an area of approximately 9000 Ha, Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) is very important in terms of water supply and the environment and the natural ecosystem. Due to the confined and limited water resources available, and its reducing per capita, IWRM will become more important. In this regard,the Island's water resources (conventional and unconventional) need to be analyzed. Water systems can be modeled using... 

Urbanization expansion increases impermeable surfaces and ultimately produces more runoff from urban surfaces. The runoff in the urban streets moves the pollution with high levels from the city and then collects into channels where they are transported into the water courses. The most important factor in runoff polluting is sediments. If you remove sediments from runoff, their quality will be improved. One of the effective systems to reduce sediments from the surface runoff is permeable pavement. In this study a simulator system is used. The sample of permeable pavement analysed consisted of two layers of geotextile beddig, filter granular layer (2.36 to 4.75mm), subbase granular layer (4.75... 

This study tries to introduce chemical coatings to reducing evaporation from Lake Urmia(LU). In LU, average annual evaporation is estimated at more than 1,000 mm, more than 80% of evaporation occurring in the warmer months of the year. Therefore, by reducing water evaporation, especially in the warmer months of the year, the most crucial factor in water outflow from LU can be reduced.At first, on the scale of class A evaporation pan in Tehran, three kinds of chemical coatings constituted stearic acid, jojoba oil, and fatty alcohols of style and stearyl to reduce evaporation from the LU is investigated. Then the best coating that includes combine of style and stearyl alcohols with stearic... 

Lake Urmia is the largest inland lake of Iran and one of the most important water ecosystems in Iran and the world. The ecosystem of this lake is a typical example of a closed drainage basin into which all the runoff flows in the rivers of the basin are discharged. Because of its unique natural and ecological features, Urmia Lake has been declared as a national park since 1346, along with Kabudan and Qion Daghi islands, among the protected areas. Among the most important invertebrates in the lake, we can mention Artemia, which is a species of saltwater shrimp and one of the native species of Lake Urmia. This species is the most important source of food for many water birds such as flamingos.... 

In this thesis we evaluate VIC hydrological model’s simulated soil moisture and discharge at Saghez synoptic station, located at ZarinehRood sub basin, Urmia Lake basin in three time periods to overcome observational and satellite data scarcity in the basin. All the input files for this macro scale semi-distributed model chose from satellite data. With a multi-objective calibration algorithm called NSGA-II and utilizing Nash-Sutcliffe (NSE) and R2 as objective functions for discharge calibration and correlation coefficient and RMSE for soil calibration, the model results evaluated. As where as we didn’t have access to observational soil moisture data, we utilized SMAP satellite soil moisture... 

Lake Urmia in northwest Iran is an important water body at the national and international level and plays a significant role in the natural, social, and economic aspects of life in the region. Unfortunately, as a result of natural and anthropologic factors, the lake has suffered a severe water decline in recent decades and was even on the verge of complete drying. Being aware of the catastrophic consequences of lake Urmia's desiccation, a megaproject called Urmia Lake Restoration Program (ULRP) aiming to revive the lake was launched in 2013. Failure in megaprojects is common and frequent in which a high level of uncertainty is one of the main contributing factors. The purpose of this study... 

Urbanization increases impervious surfaces and therefore reduces land permeability. As a result, higher amount of runoff is produced which leads to environmental degradation and economic loss. Use of pervious/permeable pavements is an efficient approach to reduce runoff volume and improve the quality. In this study, different design methods of pervious/permeable surface are first described using structural and hydrological modules. Then, a software program for pervious/permeable surface design is put forth. Supported by various available design methods (focusing on pervious surfaces in Iran), the software employs structural, hydrological, economic (cost estimation) and qualitative... 

The purpose of this research is to first provide an algorithm to reduce the scale of large-scale microwave soil moisture images and then develop an algorithm based on it to manage the release of dams downstream of which are agricultural lands and wetlands. Considering that providing irrigation needs is the purpose of building dams and agriculture is the main consumer of water in dams, optimizing the related releases has a significant effect on reducing water consumption and the possibility of releasing more water for water needs. It has a downstream environment, also agricultural water management has a direct impact on the production of agricultural products and preservation of natural... 

Surface water quality management needs water contaminants monitoring and information about water quality parameters. Field measurement is a costly, time-consuming procedure that limits information about the whole surface of a water body. Remote sensing methods are valuable ways that prepare water quality information using different characteristics between reflectance detected from each parameter. This study aimed to investigate the water quality parameters of Gorgan Bay using field sampling and a feasibility study using Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 images to estimate the spatial and temporal changes of optically active parameters (such as sea surface temperature (SST), salinity, electrical... 

The Mashhad plain is one of the most important plains in Khorasan-e-Razavi province. In the last decades, rapid population growth coupled with agricultural expansion has tremendously increases pressure on the groundwater resources. Large increases in water demands with little recharge have strained the plain groundwater resources resulting in declines in water level in last decades. Due to declining of groundwater level, digging new wells has been forbidden since 1965. In this thesis, users in agricultural, municipals and industrial sections have been modeled with Multi-Agent System, and results of their water extraction on groundwater level have been modeled with GMS. There are two... 

understanding basin’s sediment transportation forms and river’s bed erosion in next years in addition to rivers’ response to watershed upstream activities, gives useful information to relevant experts for fundamental studies on expanding of development projects in neighborhood of kan River. This project is an effort to assess the amount of sediment production of Kan River’s basin using SWAT, modeling calibration by using measured data with SWAT-CUP and also prediction of river’s response to watershed activities in modeling river’s sediment in next years by using HEC-RAS. Several management approaches in different scenarios has been studied in order to control the sediment production and...