Sharif Digital Repository

This study examines the effects of natural disaster risk, specifically earthquakes, on the likelihood of obtaining a high school diploma. By analyzing data related to earthquake occurrences and educational attainment, the research aims to identify potential disruptions caused by seismic activities and how they influence students' ability to complete their high school education. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the socio-economic impacts of natural disasters on educational outcomes, providing insights for policymakers to mitigate these risks in earthquake-prone areas  

This study investigates consumers’ response to changing the household electricity meter from single stroke case to three stroke case. Existence of different prices in different hours during the day is the advantage of three stroke electricity meters compared to single stroke ones. Electricity bill data of 19,742 subscribers, in Tehran Interior Region 2, during the period 1387 to 1393, has been used to evaluate this policy. Subscribers who always use only single stroke electricity meters or three stroke ones are considered as the control group; and subscribers who have experienced electricity meter change during the period are considered as the experimental group. Changing electricity meters... 

In this paper we determine “Tax Incidence” of value added tax (VAT). Incidence Tax represents tax burden that is imposed to each tax-payers: consumers or producers. Value added tax was first implemented in Iran in Mehr 1387. Providing a natural experiment condition, it made it possible to measure tax incidence by using difference-in-difference method. Therefore, data of monthly consumer price index of 23 tax-exempt commodities, and 23 taxable commodities, have been used from Farvardin 1384 till Esfand 1393. According to the results, from 1387 to 1390, no tax incidence regarding value added tax was found. It seems, in the first years of implementation, it is the result of its resemblance with... 

Export subsidy is one of the important issues among the various trade policies in developing countries. For more than a century, various effects of export subsidies have been studied in literature and different results have been presented. In this study, the effect of export subsidy of several agricultural products on their weight and export price has been investigated. In 2015 and 2016, respectively, potatoes and five groups of dairy products were subject to cash subsidies. The results of the research show that the growth of potato’s weight has been affected by the subsidy and has increased. Also, according to the results, the effects of the decrease in export price growth can be seen, and... 

Traffic accidents are one of the main causes of death in Iran. Between 2005 to 2019, 20,000 people were killed and 300,000 were injured on average annually. About 65 percent of all traffic fatalities over the past seven years has been on intercity roads. Finding patterns of accidents on specific days, such as holidays, would help the planners prevent traffic accidents. In this study, using police accident data, traffic counts of Road Maintenance and Transportation Organization, and meteorological data of Iran Meteorological Organization during 2011 to 2018, we study the effect of official holidays, and the days before, after and between two holidays on the rate and severity of road accidents... 

The government in special schools tries to offer a higher quality of education than public schools, and get less tuition than private schools. If the achievements of these schools are positive, it can be expanded as a supportive policy for low-income families in order to raise the educational skills of deprived students. This study conducted on the basis of data from an internet-based survey, in which 130,000 volunteers, which were enrolled in the National university entrance examinations in 1389, answered the questionnaire. By using the propensity score matching method, assumed that the unobservable variables for the two groups, one is enrolled in a special school and the other is enrolled... 

Destruction of green lands, especially forests, is one of the most common forms of environmental degradation. Meanwhile, political institutions can play an important role in protecting or destroying the environment, especially forests. The creation of town and village councils as a change in political institutions and decentralization can have an impact on the environment. Land use change, implementation of development projects and the task of overseeing the implementation of environmental protection laws are among the duties and powers of councils that affect the coverage of various areas. At different eras, town and village councils’ elections have been annulled or dissolved in a... 

The Iran-Iraq war between 1980 to 1988 involved Iran's western borders and inflicted heavy casualties. This war was also spread to the central provinces of Iran in several periods as a result of Iraqi missile attacks, known as the War of Cities. The attacks were mainly intended to intimidate people, leaving relatively few deaths and injuries. In this study, we seek to estimate part of the hidden and long run impacts of these attacks. Using a two-percent sample of Iran’s 1990 census and the information of the location and timing of missile attacks, and by incorporating the difference in difference method, we estimate the causal impact of missile attacks on the years of education of those who... 

Due to the prominence of the evaluation of the consequences of rising temperatures, this paper examines the effects of temperature variation on mortality across different demographic groups in Iran. I use a rich weekly data set from 2009 to 2017 across different demographic groups to understand the potential health impacts of climate change in a developing country. Using several fixed effect regressions, I discover that for an additional day with a mean temperature over 25°C, mortality rate increases by 2.56% relative to the effects of an extra day in 0-5 °C, in the weekly temperature exposure horizon. I test for the harvesting effect by comparing the estimates at weekly and monthly... 

While Tehran’s urban water distribution network covers the entire city, not all areas within the city have a sewage collection network. As a result, citizens experience varying water prices. This study intends to estimate the price elasticity of water for household use by analyzing a significant increase in the sewage collection service fee that occurred in October 2015. The unequal access to the sewer network allows us to establish causal identification using the difference in differences method, while also giving us a way to control for the influence of endogeneity caused by block pricing. We estimate the price elasticity of water in Tehran to fall within the range of 0.067 to 0.080  

Emphasis on the expansion of education in Iran's development strategy and increasing demand for higher education in the 2000s required the country to develop higher educational institutes. Unprecedented growth of these institutes in the second half of 2000s was so vast that in 2008 all the counties in Iran had at least one institute. These institutes were established even in the smallest counties in order to solve the problem of transportation for its settlers, and on the other hand, developing higher education institutes in larger cities resulted in an increase in the acceptance rate of these institutes and their accessibility for the people. Moreover, lower accessibility to higher... 

The economic effects of large dams that were constructed during 1370-1393 in Iran are explored in this thesis and their effects on agriculture and welfare of their own district and downstream districts are analyzed. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method is used to investigate these effects and for more accurate results, we control for geographical variables and rainfall. The results of this study show that dam construction leads to higher agricultural yield, production value and irrigated area in the dam’s own district; but it doesn’t affect yield, production and irrigated area of downstream districts. Also dam construction results in planting more water-intensive crops in their own district... 

Openings and development of subway system have occurred since 1998 in Tehran, and 115 stations have been constructed from then until 2019. This could have various effects on urban characteristics and passenger behaviors, which air pollution could be one of the consequences. In this research, we want to investigate it`s effect on Tehran air pollution as well as heterogenous effects on different distances. For this, we use air pollution data of monitoring stations and meteorological data as well as location and construction time of metro stations. We use difference in difference and OLS regressions to estimate these causal effects. We see that air pollution has been decreased 2-3% as a result... 

Considering the fact that human capital is a crucial element in explaining the differences in income per capita and economic growth among countries, this research focuses on the effect of initial endowments of individuals on the process of human capital accumulation. One of the most important questions one can ask in this regard is whether individuals that are born in households with a low level of endowments, cannot develop their level of human capital due to a lack in the ability to obtain the factors required for their educational attainment. To answer this question, and considering the limitations of obtaining educational data, we aim to answer this question using district-level data.... 

Inadequate nutrition is perhaps the most important problem facing the poor. Being hungry lowers productivity and decreases individuals’ income. All of these factors conspire to help the poor stay poor. Raising the income of the poor is one solution for this problem if the elasticity of calorie and macronutrients with respect to income is greater than zero. This study employs both nonparametric and parametric methods to obtain the elasticity of per capita calorie and macronutrients with respect to household per capita expenditure. The case presented is for urban areas of Islamic republic of Iran, 2008-2016. Under each estimation strategy we employ, we find a strongly significant and positive... 

Considering that the agricultural sector is the largest consumer of water in the basin of Lake Urmia, it seems necessary to provide comprehensive methods of water resources management and formulate appropriate policies to increase water productivity in this sector. For this reason, in this research, we examine the effects of creating a water market in the basin of Lake Urmia. For this purpose, models of agricultural economics and positive mathematical programming techniques at the regional level have been used for modeling to analyze the various effects of water market creation. According to the model, the farmer chooses his cultivation pattern according to the price of the crop and the... 

In this paper we seek to find the contribution of groundwater in irrigation agriculture in Iran. We use nationwide panel data of agricultural production in the period of 1993-2013. The results show us differences in productivity of agricultural outputs due to availability of groundwater. Panel data allows us to control regional factors like soil fertility affecting the productivity. We are looking for the main contributors to groundwater usage. Population growth in demand side and groundwater availability in supply side seem to be the most important factors  

After school tutoring education is a concept that varies widely between countries. Evidence suggests that one of the factors explaining this difference is the existence of competitive tests. There is also evidence for Iran that, because of the existence of competitive test of the national entrance exam, a large percentage of Iranian families use after school tutoring to their children get a successful result in this exam. But the question is how much after school tutoring is effective? The answer to this question is important because if after school tutoring is effective, low-income families are expected to be unable to provide such training, and the national entrance exam will prevent... 

Does the household attribute changes to its economic conditions during the term of the MPs, and chooses to vote with regard to these conditions, including income and employment status, or who decides, regardless of economic characteristics, in this regard Takes? In this study, using micro data of the household income and expenditure survey and building a sample household for each district, we compute economic characteristics for each election district including total income, total cost, employment rate, employment in the government sector, and unemployment rate. . Election data includes the name, vote and status of the candidates for the ninth and tenth Islamic Consultative Assembly... 

mismatch between skills and labor market demands reduce productivity and harm public welfare and economic growth. For this reason, governments implement active labor market policies to align the skills of the workforce with market needs and reduce unemployment. In this research, focusing on the issue of employment in deprived and rural areas of Iran, the effectiveness of one of the active labor market policies implemented by the Barkat Foundation is evaluated. From 2018 to the end of 2022, the Barkat Foundation granted nearly 290,000 micro-loans worth 14 trillion Tomans. The results show that, on average, if the loan amount exceeds 40 million Tomans, it can have a positive effect on the...