Sharif Digital Repository

The philosophers of social sciences, in addition to epistemological questions-the questions about our knowledge of the social world- implicitly or explicitly, consider ontological issues: the questions about the nature of social world (society, structures and relations, people and actions). In Critical Realism, ontology and epistemology are linked. It means that what it is awarded, it is crucial that knowledge can be gained from it. This school, with a critique of Positivism and Hermeneutics, tries to authenticate ontological arguments and by reconstruction of concepts like causality, necessity, structure and stratification reality, forms the realist ontology and offers a novel solution to... 

Causality and locality are two of the fundamental problems in physics and physicists have different interpretations of them. In new physics theories like Quantum mechanics and Quantum field theory, the main point of discussion is that whether these two theories are local and causal or not? In first chapter, we introduce the principle of causality. The second and third chapters cover causality in Quantum mechanics and Quantum field theory.The last chapter is about locality  

Causation is one of the most old and difficult problems of Metaphysics which is also important in Science and Philosophy of Science. There are three different views in the Ontology of Causation—Eliminativism, Fundamentalism and Reductionism. Also we know that the Ontology of Causation can be equated with the question of the difference between Causal and Non-Causal series of events, such that the answers to this question are correspondent to the mentioned views: 1)Eliminativism: There is not any difference between those two series and the concept of Causation does not have any objective or external being. 2)Primitivism: There is a difference between them but it can not be explained in any... 

The concept of causality٫continually٫from the seventeenth century٫ As yet has been debated between philosopfers and partly physicists. This diversity of opinions rely on their’s ontologic and epistemologic positions. In the article, is attempted to compare causality in the philosophy of contem -porary(west) and Quantum physics with Islamic Philosophy (according to motahhary) In first chapter, universal hypothesizes and reasons of requirement to analyze causality is expressed. In second chapter,we turn to views of four famous hilosophers in the seventeenth and eiyhteenth century: locke ,Berkeley, Hume, kant. In third chapter, we attend to some current approach the recent philosophers... 

After Hume’s skeptical argument on the concept of causality and establishing the regularity theory of causation by him, it seemed that the regularity theory might not respond to irrelevance problems and spurious regularities. In the second half of the twentieth century, attempts were made, e.g. Hans Reichenbach's proposal of the “common cause principle,” for solving the problems of regularity theory which resulted in probabilistic approach to causal relationships. The importance of the common cause principle is that it has inspired the “Causal Markov Condition” which is the most fundamental condition for causal networks. The causal Markov condition states that a variable X is... 

Magnetohydrodynamic is used to study many phenomena. In non-relativistic terms, it can be used to express dynamo theory and to study the evolution of a magnetic field in a conductive fluid medium. In the case of fluid particles having chiral imbalance, the instability associated with this property is observed in the system response to the small perturbation from the equilibrium state. In a relativistic framework, these equations can describe the quark-gluon plasma in the heavy ions collision in a decentralized manner and the nucleus of neutron stars. In many studies, chirality has been considered for such environments. Obtaining the dispersion relation and investigating the response of the... 

One of the main challenges in the field of Machine Learning, which has come to attention in recent years, is the models' inability to generalize well to datapoints that come from a distribution different from the one that the model has been trained on. This problem is known by Out-of-Distribution Generalization. This problem is of utmost importance as in many real-world applications the training and test data do not come from the same distribution, and thus the model will fail on the test data despite its acceptable performance on samples from the same distribution of the training set. One of the main reasons behind such failure is models' reliance on spurious correlations between some...