Sharif Digital Repository

In Naming and Necessity and Identity and Necessity, Kripke convinced many that there are necessary propositions which are knowable only a posteriori. Kripke’s examples of these propositions can be placed into three categories: 1) Some mathematical propositions like Goldbach’s conjecture (the conjecture that every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes) 2) Scientific truths like “Water is H2O”, “Gold has the atomic number 79”, etc. 3) Identity statements flanked on both sides with proper names; like “Hesperus is Phosphorus”, “Cicero is Tully” and the like (in the rest of this article, these three categories will be called, respectively, the first, the second and... 

The main concern of power system planners and operators is to serve electric energy services economically and in an acceptable reliability level. Nowadays, in developing integrated large-scale power networks, reliability evaluation becomes a very tough and time-consuming process. The complexity of this assessment is mainly because of the large number of components, their possible operating states, different faults that can happen, and environmental and other affecting parameters. In power systems, in order to address the complexity, reliability evaluation can be conducted in three different levels. The most complicated study among these three levels is HLII that is so-called composite...