Sharif Digital Repository

Various philosophical views on scientific models, in this research, are reviewed and criticized. From a syntactic point of view, a scientific theory is nothing but its models, and this is the theory that illustrates how the model is constructed. Pragmatic view, by adopting a pluralistic view, argue that the interpretive model provides the basis for the concretization of the abstract concepts of the theory, and it is possible that representational model is incompatible with the theory itself. The model works better than theory even in functions such as prediction, explanation and representation in some places. A group of philosophers believe that with the introduction of fiction discussion,... 

The present study is concerned with the development of a rubric which can help to have an objective, valid, and reliable assessment of short stories and novels written by creative writing students. The 30 participants of the study who were literature and creative writing experts took part in rubric development, validation, and reliability estimation. Review of the related literature, as well as the administration of a Likert scale questionnaire and a series of unstructured interviews led to the identification of ten elements which were used to construct the first version of the creative writing rubric. To ensure validity of the developed rubric, 18 literature and creative writing experts...