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Hartry Field argues that meaning-besed approaches to explaining the apriority of certain propositions fail to succeed in their endeavour. He suggests that adoting what one cals a non-factualist view of justification itself removes the mystery of the apriority of such propositions, and sketches what such a view of justification involves. A priori justification is often thought mysterious or out of keeping with a naturalistic view of the world; strong forms of priori justification that involve empirical indefeasibility are often thought especially mysterious. While this is no doubt correct for excessive claims of a priority – for instance, claims to prori acces to features of the physical... 

Today in many industrial sectors, technology has made significant progress. Investing in advanced manufacturing technologies, especially computer integrated manufacturing systems is essential in order to survive in a competitive environment, improve performance, response to demand fluctuations and increase customer satisfaction. With available technologies and systems in computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) and its related technologies, the application of CIM in manufacturing enterprises is a reality and can meet the need of complicated manufacturing environment. Implementation of these systems brings many tangible and intangible benefits. But, according to several factors that must be... 

By “Analysis of Epistemological Justification of Inference to the Best Explanation (IBE)” I mean to examine whether the IBE argument can increase the probability of the truth of belief to the outcome of the argument or not. According to the Strong Version of IBE, this increase shows that the best explanation is more likely to be true, whereas according to the Weak Version the best explanation is more probable than its available rivals. The most influential arguments against these positions are: (1) The bad lot objection (BLO) according to which the idea that the best available explanations will be more likely to be true, presupposes that the truth is already more likely to be found among... 

In epistemology, pragmatic encroachment is a theory of justification that, unlike the purist theories, emphasizes the importance of pragmatic factors in the formation of justified beliefs. This theory determines the amount of justification necessary to obtain a justified belief by considering the pragmatic consequences of a belief. In this way, this theory becomes increasingly important in religious beliefs; because (not) believing in religious beliefs will have many practical results. This thesis examines pragmatic encroachment and its effects on religious beliefs. Firstly, I will describe the theory of pragmatic encroachment and its dimensions as one of the theories of justification. Then... 

The complexity of today's world has led us to the point where we will have problems in the intellectual and practical fields without relying on the testimony of experts. Maybe if we could measure the validity of the information by our own knowledge, we would definitely choose this option. But social life has made us rely on others to get the beliefs we need. We consider most of the beliefs we acquire in school, universities, in science books, news, debates and television documentaries to be examples of knowledge. We also claim to know a set of beliefs presented to us by experts. We consider experts as reliable people and we rely on them. In the meantime, we know that we have no other reason... 

Civil disobedience, as a protest mechanism, is one of the important topics discussed in political philosophy. The background of this idea dates back to Henry Thoreau, and later John Rawls played a very influential role in its theoretical development. The aim of this thesis is to conduct a critical study of this idea, focusing on the issue of its justification. The emphasis on the justification is placed firstly due to its central position in the discussions of normative political philosophy and secondly due to the controversial nature of civil disobedience in opposing official legal procedures. To this end, we have first discussed the definition of civil disobedience in two traditional and... 

According to the ideal of public reason, laws and moral codes which regulate lives of the people, have to be justified to each and every person whose life is regulated by that law. If all human beings are equal and free, i.e., they’re not naturally subordinated to each other in their moral or political status, and they’re equal in being naturally free of any subordination, then as a consequence of their individual free reasoning, and as a result of limitations in their understanding and complexity of the world, it is natural that there is deep and lasting disagreement among them about values, morality, religion, and conception of the good life. This disagreement therefore isn’t based on...