• Chapter 1 (15)
• Introduction (15)
• 1.1 Background (15)
• It is not uncommon that underground tunnels are damaged by seismic waves. Consequently, the evaluation of the dynamic response of underground tunnels to seismic waves is crucial for earthquake and civil engineering. In practice, most underground rocks... (15)
• Figure 1-1. Ground Response to Seismic Waves [1] (17)
• Chapter 2 (19)
• Definition and behavior of segmental lining (19)
• Figure 2-1. Lining definitions (19)
• Figure 2-2. Alignment of the lining (20)
• Figure 2-3. Plane joint (left) and two convex joints (middle and right) (20)
• 2.2 Types of Segments and rings (22)
• Figure 2-5. Circumferential and radial joint connectors (23)
• Figure 2-6. Types of segments (23)
• 2.3 Segment installation (24)
• Figure 2-8. Excavation process of TBM [6] (28)
• Figure 2-10. Notations of bending moment, axial force and shear force (29)
• Figure 2-11. Example load cases (29)
• Figure 2-16. Shell element generation (33)
• Figure 2-18. Secondary grouting pressure [6] (34)
• Figure 2-19. Loads for storage of segments (35)
• Figure 2-24. Embedded spring model (left) and continuum model (right) (41)