• Abstract
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction
  • General
  • Creep Effect on Strengthened RC Members
  • Objective and Scope of Study
  • Thesis Structure
• Concrete, FRP and FRP Strengthened RC Beams
  • Introduction
  • Elastic Modulus of Concrete
    • Prediction equations recommended by ACI
    • CEB-FIP Model
    • Gardner model
  • Development of strength by time
  • Creep of Concrete
    • Definition of creep of concrete
    • Basic creep:
    • Drying creep:
    • Loading rate
  • Significance of creep
    • Factors influencing creep
  • Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP)
  • Mechanical properties of FRP
  • Application in Retrofitting
  • Failure modes of RC beams strengthened with FRP
    • Crushing of the concrete in compression before yielding of the reinforcing steel
    • Yielding of the reinforcing steel in tension followed by rupture of the FRP laminate
    • Yielding of the steel in tension followed by concrete crushing
    • Debonding of the FRP from the concrete substrate
  • Experimental Studies on Long-Term Behavior of FRP strengthened RC Beams
• Creep prediction
  • General
  • ACI
  • CEB-FIP model
  • Bazant B3 model
  • Gardner-Lockman GL2000 model
  • Comparison with the available results
  • Time-Dependent Deflection
  • ACI 318 approach (ACI 318-2011)
  • Effective modulus method (ACI 209R-92)
  • Adjusted effective modulus method (ACI 209R-92)
  • Branson’s Approach (Branson 1977)
  • Mayer’s Approach (Mayer 1976)
  • Gilbert’s Approach (Gilbert 1999)
  • Comparison with experimental data
• Time-Dependent Behavior of FRP Strengthened RC Beams
  • General
  • Short-Term Deflection
  • Time-Dependent Deflection
    • ACI Approach (ACI Committee 318-2011)
    • Effective Modulus Method
      • Adjusted effective modulus method
  • An example on deflection of a FRP strengthened RC beam under sustained loading by EMM method and ACI209
    • Initial deflection of un-strengthened RC beam:
    • Short term deflection of strengthened RC beam:
    • Creep deflection of un-strengthened RC beam (due to dead load plus 20%live load)
    • Creep deflection of strengthened beam with GFRP laminates:
• Effect of GFRP on reduction of creep deflection
  • Introduction
  • Various parameters considered in this study
    • Effect of GFRP on reduction of creep deflection
    • Failure modes consideration
    • Calculation method
  • Material properties
    • Beam specimens
    • Concrete properties
    • FRP system properties:
  • Consideration of steel and GFRP ratio on failure modes
    • Failure modes of the beam specimens
    • Effect of steel ratio
    • Effect of GFRP ratio
  • Consideration of a different influencing parameters on a creep deflection
    • Prediction of creep deflection by various creep models
    • The effect of concrete strength
    • Effect of GFRP laminate on creep deflection, with different steel ratio
    • Effect of GFRP ratio on creep deflection
    • Effect of GFRP laminate on creep deflection by time
    • Effect of time of GFRP laminate application on creep deflection
    • Effect of type of FRP laminate on creep deflection
• Conclusions and future study
  • Review of Work
  • Summary of Findings
  • Recommendations for Further Study
• References
• Mixture of concrete
• Appendix B Matlab program
• Appendix C RILEM data bank: Tables

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