• 1.1 Nanofluid (14)
  • Table 1.1 Thermal conductivities of various solids and liquids [3] (14)
  • Fig. 1.1. Growth of publications by nanofluids community [7] (15)
• 1.2 Polymer (16)
• 1.2.1 Drag reduction (16)
• 1.2.2 Heat transfer (17)
• 2.1 Nanofluid (19)
  • Table 2.1 Experimental investigations of nanofluids in tubes with different types [11] (21)
• 2.2 Thermo physical properties of nanofluids (22)
• 2.2.1 Density (22)
  • Fig. 2.1 comparison of experimental values with correlations for different volumetric concentrations as a function of density [24] (23)
• 2.2.2 Specific heat (23)
  • Fig. 2.2 comparison of experimental values with correlations for different volumetric concentrations as a function of specific heat [24] (24)
• 2.2.3 Viscosity (24)
  • Fig. 2.3 comparison of the viscosity equations of nanofluids [32] (25)
    • Table 2.1 Summary of the theoretical and experimental models for effective viscosity of nanofluids [34] (26)
    • Table 2.1(continued) (27)
  • Fig. 2.4 Viscosity of Ti,-2./water nanofluids as a function of temperature and volume fraction [2] (28)
  • Fig. 2.5 Comparison of the viscosity between measured data and calculated value from the other correlations for Ti,-2./water [2] (29)
• 2.2.4 Thermal conductivity (29)
  • Table 2.2 summary of the theoretical and experimental models for effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids [34] (31)
  • Table 2.2 (continued) (32)
  • Table 2.2 (continued) (33)
  • Fig. 2.6 Comparison of the thermal conductivity equations of nanofluid [32] (33)
  • Fig. 2.7 Thermal conductivity of Ti,O-2./water nanofluid as a function of temperature and volume fraction [2] (34)
• 2.3 Thermo physical properties of base fluid (35)
• 2.4 Average bulk mean temperature (35)
• 2.5 Convective heat transfer theory of nanofluid (35)
  • Table 2.3 Correlation from Numerical results from ,Al-2.,O-3./water [24] (36)
  • Table 2.4 Convective heat transfer correlations [34] (36)
  • Table 2.4(continued) (37)
  • Table 2.4 (continued) (38)
  • Fig. 2.8 Nusselt numbers for nanofluids (Ti,O-2./water) and distilled water [5] (38)
• 2.6 Effect of the properties variation (39)
• 2.6.1 Effect on the Prandtl number (39)
  • Fig. 2.9 Variations of Prandtl number with temperature for different nanofluids at constant volume fraction [24] (39)
  • Fig. 2.10 Variation of Prandtl number with particle volumetric concentration for different nanofluids at constant temperature [24] (40)
• 2.6.2 Effect on the Reynolds number (40)
  • Fig. 2.11 Variation of Reynolds number with particle volumetric concentration for different nanofluids at constant temperature [24] (41)
  • Fig. 2.12 Variation of Reynolds number with temperature for different nanofluids at constant volume fraction [24] (41)
• 2.6.3 Effect on the convective heat transfer coefficient (42)
  • Fig. 2.12 Effect of temperature variation on the heat transfer coefficient [24] (42)
• 2.7 Mechanism of nanofluid (42)
• 2.8 Friction factor (43)
  • Table 2.5 Friction factor for different flow regimes [10, 36]. (43)
  • Table 2.6 some vital equations for friction factor of single phase fluid [2, 6, 10, 37] (44)
  • Fig. 2.13 Variation of pressure drop and Reynolds number at different particle concentration for ,SiO-2. [10] (44)
  • Fig. 2.14 Friction factor-Reynolds number [11] (45)
    • Table 2.7 Regression equations Ti,O-2./water nanofluid for laminar and turbulent flow [36] (45)
  • Fig. 2.15 Experimental data and calculated results of pressure drop in turbulent flow [36] (46)
  • Fig. 2.16 Pressure drop in turbulent flow: comparison between experiments and estimates by regression [36] (46)
• 2.9 Polymer (46)
  • Fig. 2.17 Friction factor for dilute aqueous solutions of polyethylene oxide [15] (47)
    • Table 2.8 Prandtl-Vonkarman equations for friction factor [39] [15] (48)
  • Fig. 2.18 Drag reduction as a function of DPR concentration for a pipe flow of Reynolds number of 14000 [38] (48)
• 2.10 Parameters influencing the performance of polymers (49)
• 2.11 Heat transfer of polymers (50)
  • Fig. 2.19 Turbulent heat transfer in water N and in a drag-reducing polymer solution consisting of 50 ppm polyethylene oxide in water P. the decrease in Stanton number for the dilute dpolymer solution relative to pure water is shown at three Prandtl ... (51)
  • Fig 2.20 Relative Nusselt number for pipe, as a function of polymer concentration for various Reynolds numbers (51)
• 2.12 Mechanical degradation effect (52)
  • Fig. 2.21 Friction coefficient vs. apparent Reynolds number for water, undegraded 200 ppm solution, and both degraded (#1) and undegraded (#3) 20 ppm solutions of AP-273 separan in water [18] (52)
  • Fig. 2.22 Nusselt number vs. apparent Reynolds number of water, undegraded 200 ppm solution, both degraded (#1) and undegraded (#3) 20 ppm solution of AP-273 in water [18] (53)
• 2.13 Polymers problem (53)
  • Table 2.9 some commercially available DRPs [38] (54)
• 2.14 Preparation of nanofluid (55)
• 2.14.1 Single-step method (55)
• 2.14.2 Two-step method (55)
  • Table 3.1 Summary of nanofluids preparation methods [46] (56)
  • Table 3.1 (continued) (57)
• 3.2 preparation of polymers (58)
  • Fig. 3.1 Dried polymers (left: 3630S, right: 3330S) (58)
  • Fig. 3.2 FlopaaA 3630S with 250 mlit water on the magnetic stirrer (59)
• 3.3 Experimental apparatus (59)
  • Fig. 3.3 Experimental set-up (59)
  • Fig. 3.4 Schematic diagram of the experimental set-up (60)
  • Fig. 3.5 Coiled tube with roughness of 0.002 mm (61)
  • Fig. 3.6 K-type thermocouple which used in the system (61)
  • Fig. 3.7 Pressure gauge which used in the system (62)
  • Fig. 3.8 Rotameter with valve for manipulate the flow rate (62)
• 3.4 Conditions of the experiment (63)
  • Fig. 4.1 XRD pattern of Ti,O-2. nanoparticles (64)
  • Fig. 4.2 TEM image of Ti,O-2. nanoparticles (64)
  • Fig. 4.3 Size distribution of Ti,O-2. nanoparticles measured by DLS (65)
  • Fig. 4.4 Zeta potential of Ti,O-2. suspension (66)
• 4.1 Validation (67)
• 4.1.1 Friction factor (67)
  • Fig. 4.5 Comparison of friction factor of distilled water and theoretical equations (67)
• 4.1.2 Heat transfer coefficient (68)
  • Fig. 4.6 Experimental values for distilled water in comparison of theoretical equations (68)
• 4.2 Polymers (69)
• 4.2.1 Friction factor (69)
  • Fig. 4.7 Friction factor for dilute aqueous solutions of PAM (3330, Mw = 8 × ,10-6.) with different concentrations of 25, 40 and 55 ppm in the turbulent regime (69)
  • Fig. 4.8 Friction factor for dilute aqueous solutions of PAM (3630, Mw = 20 ×,10-6.) with different concentrations of 25, 40 and 55 ppm in the turbulent regime (70)
• 4.2.2 Heat transfer coefficient (71)
  • Fig. 4.9 The decrease in the Nu number for dilute polymer of PAM (3330, Mw = 8 ×,10-6.) with different concentration of 25, 40 and 55 ppm relative to the distilled water (71)
  • Fig. 4.10 The reduction in the Nu number for dilute polymer of PAM (3630, Mw = 20 ×,10-6.) with different concentration of 25, 40 and 55 ppm relative to the distilled water (72)
• 4.3 Nanofluid (73)
• 4.3.1 Friction factor (73)
  • Fig. 4.11 Friction factor-Reynolds number variations for data obtained from nanofluids in comparison of distilled water (73)
• 4.3.2 Heat transfer coefficient (74)
  • Fig. 4.12 Experimental Nusselt number for distilled water and Ti,O-2.-water nanofluid versus Reynolds number at four different concentrations (74)
• 4.4 Combination of polymers and nanofluid (75)
• 4.4.1 Friction factor (75)
  • Fig. 4.13 Friction factor versus Reynolds number for 25 ppm polymer (3330) with 2 vol. % nanofluid Ti,O-2.-water (76)
• 4.4.2 Heat transfer coefficient (76)
  • Fig. 4.14 Nusselt number versus Reynolds number for 25 ppm polymer (3330) with 2 vol. % nanofluid Ti,O-2.-water (77)
• 4.5 Conclusions (77)
• References (79)