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- Type of Document: M.Sc. Thesis
- Language: Farsi
- Document No: 50844 (06)
- University: Sharif University of Technology
- Department: Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
- Advisor(s): Bastani, Dariush; Seifkordi, Ali Akbar; Zegordi, Elahe
- Abstract:
- Hydroxyurea is an anticancer drug that is commonly used to treat chronic myeloid leukemia (white blood cell cancer in bone marrow), polycythemia vera (red blood cell cancer), sickle cell anemia, solid tumors, and in particular leukemia. In this research, in addition to analyzing all available methods for synthesis of hydroxyurea, the most economical method for synthesis of hydroxyurea which is Hantzsch method was chosen; then we synthesized hydroxyurea crystals using a precipitation or crystallization process. To do so, two hydroxylamine hydrochloride and potassium cyanate reactants have been used in the semi batch reactor. Since the reaction efficiency and purity of the synthesized hydroxyurea crystals were the function of the research objectives, we investigated the effect of different laboratory parameters such as reaction concentration, reaction temperature, reaction time, and solvent on these two. Using the simulation of the reaction in Comsol software, we tried to identify the number of effective parameters on the reaction efficiency, and by selecting the most important ones, the number of experiments was minimized. Simulation results showed that the equal concentration of reactants produced the highest amount of hydroxyurea, so we selected 2 molar concentrations according to the references. Then, we investigated the effect of temperature and solvent on the reaction efficiency. For this purpose, three operating temperatures (25, 0 and -10 ° C) and six solvents (water, methanol, ethanol, water and methanol, water and ethanol, methanol and ethanol) were used. The results of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and UV-Visible adsorption indicate that if the operating temperature is -10 ° C, and the mixture of methanol and ethanol chosen as a solvent, we have the highest reaction efficiency (84%). On the other hand, it became clear that the crystals formed in ethanol solvent gave the purest hydroxyurea. Finally, the melting point of the hydroxyurea crystals was measured to be 139 ° C and was within the range of the standard melting point of hydroxyurea, which was reported at 131 to 142 degrees Celsius
- Keywords:
- Cancer ; Hydroxy Urea ; Crystallization ; Semi-Batch Reactor ; Anticancer Drugs ; Leukemia
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