Sharif Digital Repository

Recent studies have revealed that spectrum congestion is due to the inefficient usage of spectrum against the availability. Cognitive radio is viewed as an approach for improving the utilisation of radio spectrum. The spectrally encoded (spread-time) code-division multiple access (SE-CDMA) technique (which is regarded as the dual of spread spectrum CDMA) is considered and its performance in cognitive radio networks is studied. In cognitive network spectrum, overlay and underlay techniques are employed to enable the primary and secondary users to coexist while improving the overall spectrum efficiency. It is shown that SE-CDMA provides considerable flexibility to design overlay and underlay... 

This paper addresses the problem of frame detection in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Using fourth-order statistics, a novel approach is presented for detection of a preamble composed of two identical parts in the time domain. First, it is demonstrated that sufficient statistics for detection of a periodic preamble do not exist, and conventional methods are not optimal. Next, looking at the detection of a preamble from the viewpoints of hypothesis testing and classification, a new method is presented based on the idea that fourth-order statistics can increase class separability (between-class distance) and consequently improve detection performance. It is proven... 

In this paper, we propose a hybrid algorithm including Genetic Algorithm (GA), Ant Colony Optimisation (ACO), and Simulated Annealing (SA) metaheuristics for increasing the contrast of images. In this way, contrast enhancement is obtained by global transformation of the input intensities. Ant colony optimisation is used to generate the transfer functions which map the input intensities to the output intensities. Simulated annealing as a local search method is utilised to modify the transfer functions generated by ant colony optimisation. And genetic algorithm has the responsibility of evolutionary process of antsE characteristics. The employed fitness function operates automatically and... 

This paper addresses the estimation of the integer part of the carrier frequency offset (CFO) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. A novel method is presented based on the maximum likelihood (ML) approach that jointly estimates the channel impulse response (CIR) and the integer CFO. The new scheme estimates the CIR by using pilots and obtains the estimate of the integer CFO by taking advantage of the effect of the CFO on the CIR and data symbols. The performance of the new method is evaluated in Rayleigh fading channels. The results demonstrate that the proposed scheme significantly outperforms the previous methods  

This study presents the utilisation of neural-network for bi-level image compression. In the proposed lossy compression method, the locations of pixels of image are applied to the inputs of a multilayer perceptron neural-network. The output of the network denotes the pixel intensity (0 or 1). The final weights of the trained neural-network are quantised, represented by a few bits, Huffman encoded and then stored as the compressed image. In the decompression phase, by applying the pixels locations to the trained network, the output determines the intensity. The results of experiments on more than 4000 different images indicate higher compression rate of the proposed structure compared with... 

This study presents a novel method for frame timing estimation in OFDM systems. The new method is based on the generation and utilization of a new sequence from the two available preambles in the practical OFDM systems (such as WiMAX and WLAN) for correlation, and is capable of having an extended correlation length. The superior performance of the new method is demonstrated in terms of mean square error (MSE) in comparison with the previous methods  

In this paper, we propose a novel timing synchronization method for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The new method takes advantage of symmetrical correlation between some parts of the transmitted training symbol and produces an impulse-like timing metric. While reducing the complexity, our method provides an easy and efficient way for timing estimation. The proposed method does not need any differential cross-correlation or frequency correction to produce an impulse-like timing metric. It is shown that the new timing metric outperforms the previously presented methods in fading channels  

This paper deals with timing and frequency synchronization in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. A robust multistage scheme that works in the time domain, independent of the preamble structure, is proposed. After coarse-timing estimation, joint timing and integer frequency synchronization is performed. Then, fractional frequency correction is carried out, and finally, fine-timing estimation completes the synchronization process. The new timing estimation method is flexible and can be adjusted according to the degree of channel distortion. Furthermore, frequency synchronization is efficiently accomplished with an estimation range that is as large as the bandwidth of... 

A new simple window function is presented, which for the same window order (M), has a main-lobe width less than or equal to that of the Hamming window, while offering about 2-4.5 dB smaller peak side-lobe amplitude. Furthermore, just like the Hamming window, it is computationally efficient for signal spectrum analysis; this is because of the fact that, the sum of window coefficients with its shifted version by M/2 samples (i.e. 50% overlap) is constant for the overlapped region. The new window is obtained by adding the third harmonic of the cosine function to the Hamming window, and finding the appropriate amplitudes of DC term, cosine function, and its third harmonic to minimise the peak... 

Cognitive radio and cooperative networks are increasingly regarded as revolutionary technologies that utilise the radio spectrum efficiently. In this study, spectrally encoded (spread-time) code division multiple access (SE-CDMA) scheme is proposed as a flexible and adaptable technique for physical layer of cognitive relay networks. All primary and secondary users transmit their signals to a common base station (BS) and then the BS selects one of the cognitive secondary users based on feedback information to relay the primary user's (PU's) data. To study the efficiency of the system, two scenarios are considered. In the first scenario, the secondary users transmit their information using the... 

In this paper, we propose a hybrid algorithm including Genetic Algorithm (GA), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), and Simulated Annealing (SA) metaheuristics for increasing the contrast of images. In this way, the contrast enhancement is obtained by globally transformation of the input intensities. ACO is used to generate the transfer functions which map the input intensities to the output intensities. SA as a local search method is utilized to modify the transfer functions generated by ACO. GA has the responsibility of evolutionary process of ants' characteristics. The results indicate that the new method performs better than the previously presented methods from the subjective and objective... 

Epilepsy is the most common disorder of human brain. The goal of this paper is to present a new method for classification of epileptic phases based on the sub-bands of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals obtained from the Stockwell transform (ST). ST is a time-frequency analysis that not only covers the advantages of both short-time Fourier transform (FT) and wavelet transform (WT), but also overcomes their shortcomings. In the proposed method, at first, EEG signal is transformed into time-frequency domain using ST and all operations are performed in the new domain. Then, the amplitudes of ST in five sub-bands, namely delta (δ), theta (θ), alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ), are computed. In... 

Underlay device-to-device (D2D) communication is an attractive technology enabling nearby cellular users to communicate with each other directly in order to increase data rate and spectral efficiency. The current cellular heterogeneous networks consist of macrocell base stations and small cell base stations with different transmit powers and coverage areas. Femtocell is the most popular small cell which is expected to be utilized in dense and ultra-dense scenarios in the future. Network coding in relay-assisted multi-hop communications improves achievable transmission rate and coverage of D2D communications. In this paper, two-hop random linear network coding network in cooperative D2D... 

Underlay device-to-device (D2D) communication is an attractive technology enabling nearby cellular users to communicate with each other directly in order to increase data rate and spectral efficiency. The current cellular heterogeneous networks consist of macrocell base stations and small cell base stations with different transmit powers and coverage areas. Femtocell is the most popular small cell which is expected to be utilized in dense and ultra-dense scenarios in the future. Network coding in relay-assisted multi-hop communications improves achievable transmission rate and coverage of D2D communications. In this paper, two-hop random linear network coding network in cooperative D2D... 

Improving power distribution characteristics of space time block codes (STBCs), namely peak to average power ratio (PAPR), average to minimum power ratio (Ave/min), and probability of transmitting 'zero' by antenna, makes easier their practical implementation. To this end, this study proposes to multiply full diversity STBC with a non-singular matrix in multiple input multiple output (MIMO) or multiple input single output (MISO) systems with linear or maximum likelihood (ML) receivers. It is proved that the obtained code achieves full diversity and the order of detection complexity does not change. The proposed method is applied to different types of STBCs. The bit error rate (BER) and power... 

In this paper, we introduce a technique for improving power distribution characteristics of space time block codes (STBCs) which include peak to average power ratio (PAPR), average to minimum power ratio (Ave/min), and probability of transmitting “zero” by antenna. We consider STBCs in multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and multiple input single output (MISO) systems that achieve full diversity for linear or maximum likelihood (ML) receivers. It is proved that by multiplying a specific non-singular square matrix by the code matrix, a new code is obtained that achieves full diversity and the power distribution characteristics are improved. The proposed technique is general can be applied... 

Multicast service is considered as a useful transmission mode for future mobile social services to deliver the traffic to multiple mobile users simultaneously. Device-to-device (D2D) multicast communication enables multiple proximate users to share the contents of their common interests directly. This paper aims to present a relay selection scheme for multi-source network-coded D2D multicast communication underlying heterogeneous cellular network which consists of macrocells and femtocells. We propose two methods for selecting efficient relays from the set of femtocell base stations (FBSs). The first method, named destination-blind relay selection, identifies those idle FBSs that can... 

Multirate time hopping ultra wideband (TH-UWB) communication systems are considered where each user can have several multirate services. Three methods named as parallel mapping, serial mapping with variable spreading factor, and multicode using Walsh subcode concatenation schemes are investigated. In the parallel mapping method, one kind of signature code (PN code) is used to distinguish users and their diverse services alike. For the serial mapping with variable spreading factor scheme, one signature code is assigned to each user and different services send their data in distinct frames. Whereas in the multicode using Walsh subcode method, different users and different services of the same... 

In this study, an efficient handover algorithm based on the received signal strength (RSS) prediction is presented for two-tier macro-femtocell networks in which, because of the fading effects of channel and short coverage range of femtocells, ping-pong handovers may take place. In the proposed approach, first each mobile station (MS) uses the recursive least square algorithm for predicting the RSS from the candidate base stations (BSs) including both femtocell and macrocell BSs. Then, according to the predicted RSS values, several future values of signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) are calculated. Afterwards, the candidate list of BSs is pruned according to the estimated future... 

Integrity verification or forgery detection of an image is a difficult procedure, since the forgeries use various transformations to create an altered image. Pixel mapping transforms, such as contrast enhancement, histogram equalisation, gamma correction and so on, are the most popular methods to improve the objective property of an altered image. In addition, fabricators add Gaussian noise to the altered image in order to remove the statistical traces produced because of pixel mapping transforms. A new method is introduced to detect and classify four various categories including original, contrast modified, histogram-equalised and noisy images. In the proposed method, the absolute value of...