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Virtual power plant (VPP) aggregates the capacity of diverse distributed energy resources (DERs) dispersed around the network and creates an individual operating portfolio from the composition of DERs characteristics. VPP can schedule the DERs to provide energy and different types of reserve services in order to trade in wholesale electricity markets or provide network services. In this chapter, an optimization model of VPP to provide energy and reserve is addressed. In this regard, diverse DERs’ energy and reserve models are mentioned and optimization models of VPP to aggregate DERs in order to provide energy and reserve and make profit in wholesale markets are regarded. Furthermore, a... 

Virtual power plant (VPP) aggregates the capacity of diverse distributed energy resources (DERs) dispersed around the network and creates an individual operating portfolio from the composition of DERs characteristics. VPP can schedule the DERs to provide energy and different types of reserve services in order to trade in wholesale electricity markets or provide network services. In this chapter, an optimization model of VPP to provide energy and reserve is addressed. In this regard, diverse DERs' energy and reserve models are mentioned and optimization models of VPP to aggregate DERs in order to provide energy and reserve and make profit in wholesale markets are regarded. Furthermore, a... 

As the number of distributed energy resources (DERs) increases, so would their influences on the power systems. Toward managing the intermittent nature of DERs, and providing market participation capability, the concept of virtual power plant (VPP) has been developed in the smart grid era. This paper proposes a novel offering strategy method for a VPP consisting of wind power generation along with storage capacity and flexible demand. In the proposed method, two different sources of uncertainty are addressed: stochastic method, applied in dealing with market price uncertainty, and information-gap decision theory (IGDT), incorporated in the offering model counting for wind power production... 

The growing utilization rate of electric vehicles (EVs) because of their advantages, like environmental pollutant reduction, may bring challenges to power systems for the reason of considerable charging load and random nature of their net load consumption. However, aggregation and coordination of EVs (especially EVs with vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capability) offer new opportunities to grid operators by providing the possibility of charging/discharging cycle control of their batteries. On the other hand, energy storage systems (ESSs) are one of the most applicable distributed energy resources (DERs) with growing penetration level in the last decades. The optimal coordination and schedule of ESSs,... 

In modern power systems, technical virtual power plants (TVPPs) play an important role enabling presence of distributed energy resources (DERs) in electricity markets. In this paper, strategy of using the available energy resources for a TVPP is put under investigation. A new optimization framework is presented for problem of TVPP energy scheduling by taking operational constraints of distribution network into account. In the proposed model, photovoltaic (PV) units and micro turbines along with the electric vehicles (EVs) are scheduled in such a way that the profit of TVPP owner would be maximized. The uncertainty in output generation of PV units is modeled by adopting fuzzy c-means (FCM)... 

Regarding the potentials of activating commercial consumers in demand response programs, this paper proposes a new framework for energy scheduling of an active distribution network based on the concept of technical virtual power plant (TVPP), considering operational constraints of distribution network. The TVPP enables presence of commercial buildings and other distributed energy resources in day-ahead (DA) electricity market, as a price maker agent. In this regard, a bilevel optimization framework is designed to optimize the bidding strategy of TVPP in the DA market with the main goal of maximizing TVPP profit. The upper-level problem maximizes the TVPP profit, while in the lower level,... 

The fast growth of technologies most of which depend on natural sources of energy has resulted in a huge consumption of fossil fuels. In this regard, many solutions have been suggested to alleviate the side effects such as air pollution and global warming. Among these solutions, mobile storages like electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable generations, have grown significantly due to being more applicable. But uncoordinated operation and uncertain nature of these distributed energy resources (DERs) can bring forward new challenges and issues to the operators of power system. Thus, in many cases it is more efficient to co-operate them in a hybrid system. In this study, we address a virtual power... 

Technical virtual power plant (TVPP) plays an important role in modern power systems by coordinating distributed energy resources (DERs) to participate in wholesale electricity market. This paper presents a framework for TVPP's energy management in an active distribution system with diverse uncertain DERs. The TVPP participates in wholesale day-ahead (DA) market and schedules DERs in order to maximize its profit, while considers actual locations of DERs in the network and takes network operational constraints into account. Many diverse DERs including DGs, renewable energy sources (RESs), and several load sectors comprising EVs, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems and... 

This study proposes an optimal day-ahead (DA) electricity market offering model for a virtual power plant (VPP) formed by a mix of renewable distributed energy resources along with energy storage, such as electric vehicles. Two sources of uncertainty are considered, namely, wind power generation, modelled by an uncertainty set, and DA market price, modelled by scenarios. Opposite to classical robust optimisation approaches, the authors model maps minimal (worst-case) profits to a conservativeness parameter, while the classical robust optimisation maps conservativeness parameter to worst-case profits. In this regard, by using their optimisation framework, a VPP operator only deals with... 

Distributed energy resources (DERs) play an important role in the future vision of distribution energy networks. This paper with the aim of promoting DERs role in energy markets proposes a new framework for the optimal bidding strategy of a Technical Virtual Power Plant (TVPP) in different markets. In the proposed framework, it is assumed that the TVPP energy power is distributed throughout a multi-carrier energy network (MCEN) which consists of district heat networks (DHNs) and a distributed electricity network (DEN). In the MCEN, CHP units are the linkage between DHNs and DEN. With the goal of maximizing the profit of TVPP in different local and wholesale energy markets, a bi-level... 

Security constrained Preventive Maintenance (PM) scheduling is addressed as a crucial issue especially coping with new challenges of smart grids. Under the smart grid environment, Demand Response Resources (DRRs) are considered as virtual power plants in energy policy decisions which affect the controllability of power system ranging from short-term to long-term. Here, DRRs are regarded as a virtual resource of capacity reserve acquisition. Furthermore, under new environment, multifarious objectives will be imposed to PM scheduling which can be replicated into a single objective problem via a weighted approach with consideration of arbitrary weighting coefficients. In this paper, a new... 

In this study, optimal offering strategy problem of a virtual power plant (VPP) as a price-maker player in day-ahead frequency constrained electricity market is presented. The optimal offering strategy problem is modelled as a bi-level optimisation problem. In the upper-level problem, the total profit of VPP is maximised. In the lower-level problem, the clearing conditions of frequency constrained electricity market are modelled. The proposed bi-level optimisation problem is reformulated as a mathematical programming with equilibrium constraints (MPEC) problem by using Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions. Then, the proposed MPEC problem, which is non-linear and hard to solve by commercial solvers,... 

Technical virtual power plant (TVPP) aggregates distributed energy resources in order to trade in wholesale electricity market while taking operational constraints of network into account and offering services to distribution system operator. This article presents a new framework to incorporate the reliability of distribution network into designing the optimal bidding strategy of a TVPP in day-ahead energy market. In the proposed framework, the TVPP determines the multisteps biddings as pairs of power and price aiming at maximizing its profit in market while minimizing the outage costs due to contingency occurrences. The model is formulated as a bilevel optimization problem in which the...